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After no candidate in either race received a majority of the vote, both went to January 5, , run-offs, which Democrats Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock won. Ossoff is the state’s first Jewish senator, and Warnock is the state’s first Black senator.

Biden’s, Ossoff’s, and Warnock’s wins were attributed to the rapid diversification of the suburbs of Atlanta [] and increased turnout of younger African American voters, particularly around the suburbs of Atlanta and in Savannah, Georgia. Atlanta boasts the world’s busiest airport , as measured both by passenger traffic and by aircraft traffic.

Atlanta has a significant effect on the state of Georgia, the Southeastern United States, and beyond. It has been the site of growth in finance , insurance , technology , manufacturing , real estate , service , logistics , transportation , film , communications , convention and trade show businesses and industries, while tourism is important to the economy. Atlanta is a global city , also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center , as a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system.

For the five years through November , Georgia has been ranked the top state number 1 in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation, number 1 in business climate in the nation, number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a “Best in Class” state economic development agency.

This lies within the range of Georgia’s median annual income. Widespread farms produce peanuts , corn , and soybeans across middle and south Georgia. The state is the number one producer of pecans in the world, thanks to Naomi Chapman Woodroof regarding peanut breeding, with the region around Albany in southwest Georgia being the center of Georgia’s pecan production.

Gainesville in northeast Georgia touts itself as the Poultry Capital of the World. Georgia is in the top five blueberry producers in the United States. Major products in the mineral industry include a variety of clays, stones, sands and the clay palygorskite , known as attapulgite. While many textile jobs moved overseas, there is still a textile industry located around the cities of Rome , Columbus , Augusta , Macon and along the I corridor between Atlanta and Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Historically it started along the fall line in the Piedmont, where factories were powered by waterfalls and rivers. It includes the towns of Cartersville , Calhoun , Ringgold and Dalton []. The first Kia plant built in the U. Rivian , an electric vehicle manufacturer, plans to begin production at a facility in Social Circle in Industrial products include textiles and apparel , transportation equipment, food processing, paper products, chemicals and products, and electric equipment.

Hartsfield—Jackson Atlanta International Airport moves over , tons of cargo annually through three cargo complexes 2 million square feet or , square meters of floor space. It has nearby cold storage for perishables; it is the only airport in the Southeast with USDA-approved cold-treatment capabilities. Delta Air Lines also offers an on-airport refrigeration facility for perishable cargo, and a acre Foreign Trade Zone is located at the airport.

Georgia is a major railway hub, has the most extensive rail system in the Southeast, and has the service of two Class I railroads, CSX and Norfolk Southern, plus 24 short-line railroads. Georgia is ranked the 3 state in the nation for rail accessibility. Rail shipments include intermodal, bulk, automotive and every other type of shipment.

Georgia’s six interstates connect to 80 percent of the U. Southern Congressmen have attracted major investment by the U. These installations command numerous jobs and business for related contractors.

Georgia’s electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States, with natural gas being the primary electrical generation fuel, followed by coal. The state also has two nuclear power facilities, Plant Hatch and Plant Vogtle , which contribute almost one fourth of Georgia’s electricity generation, and two additional nuclear reactors are being built at Vogtle as of The leading area of energy consumption is the industrial sector because Georgia “is a leader in the energy-intensive wood and paper products industry”.

Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. Owners of real property in Georgia pay property tax to their county. All taxes are collected by the Georgia Department of Revenue and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities. Callaway Gardens , in western Georgia, is a family resort. The Savannah Historic District attracts more than eleven million tourists each year.

The Golden Isles is a string of barrier islands off the Atlantic coast of Georgia near Brunswick that includes beaches, golf courses and the Cumberland Island National Seashore. King preached. The Atlanta Opera brings opera to Georgia stages. Authors have grappled with Georgia’s complex history.

The first five episodes were shot on location in Conyers and Covington , Georgia as well as some locations in Atlanta. Production was then moved to Burbank, California. A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia. The city of Athens sparked an influential rock music scene in the s and s. Among the groups achieving their initial prominence there were R.

Atlanta is mentioned in a number of these artists’ tracks, such as Usher’s “A-Town Down” reference in his hit ” Yeah! Sports in Georgia include professional teams in nearly all major sports, Olympic Games contenders and medalists, collegiate teams in major and small-school conferences and associations, and active amateur teams and individual sports. The Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta. The stadium that was built to host various Olympic events was converted to Turner Field , home of the Atlanta Braves through The venue was also the site of the annual Chick-fil-A Bowl post-season college football games.

He was from Narrows, Georgia and was nicknamed the “Georgia Peach”. There are 48 state parks , 15 historic sites, and numerous wildlife preserves under supervision of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Outdoor recreational activities include hiking along the Appalachian Trail ; Civil War Heritage Trails; rock climbing and whitewater kayaking. Georgia county and city public school systems are administered by school boards with members elected at the local level.

As of [update] , all but 19 of boards are elected from single-member districts. Residents and activist groups in Fayette County, Georgia sued the board of commissioners and school board for maintaining an election system based on at-large voting, which tended to increase the power of the majority and effectively prevented minority participation on elected local boards for nearly years. Georgia high schools grades nine through twelve are required to administer a standardized , multiple choice End of Course Test , or EOCT, in each of eight core subjects: algebra , geometry , U.

The official purpose of the tests is to assess “specific content knowledge and skills”. Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course, completion of the test is mandatory.

This change is currently only in effect for the —21 school year. Georgia has 85 public colleges, universities, and technical colleges in addition to more than 45 private institutes of higher learning. Among Georgia’s public universities is the flagship research university , the University of Georgia , founded in as the country’s oldest state-chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education.

The System includes 29 institutions of higher learning and is governed by the Georgia Board of Regents. Georgia’s workforce of more than 6. The HOPE Scholarship , funded by the state lottery , is available to all Georgia residents who have graduated from high school or earned a General Educational Development certificate. The student must maintain a 3.

The Georgia Historical Society , an independent educational and research institution, has a research center located in Savannah. The research center’s library and archives hold the oldest collection of materials related to Georgia history in the nation.

The Atlanta metropolitan area is the ninth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state’s other top markets are Savannah 95th largest , Augusta th largest , and Columbus th largest. The Weather Channel also has its headquarters in Atlanta. By far, the largest daily newspaper in Georgia is the Atlanta Journal-Constitution with a daily readership of , and a Sunday readership of , Georgia Public Radio has been in service since [] [] and, with the exception of Atlanta, it broadcasts daily on several FM and one AM stations across the state.

WSB was only the second such operation founded in the Southern U. Transportation in Georgia is overseen by the Georgia Department of Transportation , a part of the executive branch of the state government. Other commercial airports ranked in order of passengers served are located in Augusta , Columbus , Albany , Macon , Brunswick , Valdosta , and Athens.

The Georgia Ports Authority manages two deepwater seaports, at Savannah and Brunswick, and two river ports, at Bainbridge and Columbus. The Port of Savannah is a major U. Formed in as strictly a bus system, MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a rapid transit system consisting of 48 miles 77 km of rail track with 38 train stations. MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers. As of [update] , the average total daily ridership for the system bus and rail was , passengers.

The state has general hospitals, more than 15, doctors and almost 6, dentists. Martin Luther King Jr. He was a civil rights movement leader who protested for equal rights and against racial discrimination. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in Van Leer played an important role in the civil rights movement, Georgia’s economy and was president of Georgia Tech.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the country at the boundary of Europe and Asia, see Georgia country. For other uses, see State of Georgia disambiguation. State in the United States. Brasstown Bald [1] [2]. Atlantic Ocean [1]. Main article: History of Georgia U. Main article: Geography of Georgia U. Main article: Geology of Georgia U. Main article: Ecology of Georgia. Main article: Climate of Georgia U. Further information: Climate change in Georgia U.

See also: Georgia census statistical areas. Largest cities or towns in Georgia U. Main article: Demographics of Georgia U. Mark’s United Methodist Church in Atlanta. Religion in Georgia [75] Religion Percent Protestant. Main article: Government of Georgia U. See also: List of governors of Georgia and Georgia elected officials. Further information: List of counties in Georgia. Main article: Elections in Georgia U. See also: Political party strength in Georgia U.

Main article: Politics of Georgia U. It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Economy of Georgia U. Discuss September See also: Georgia U. See also: List of gold mines in Georgia. Main article: Film industry in Georgia U. Flag of Georgia. Main article: Culture of Georgia U. Main article: Music of Georgia U. See also: List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta. Main article: Sports in Georgia U. Main article: Protected areas of Georgia U.

Main article: Education in Georgia U. See also: List of newspapers in Georgia U. Main article: Transportation in Georgia U. See also: List of hospitals in Georgia U. Main article: List of people from Georgia U. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on July 22, Retrieved October 21, The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 30, Retrieved April 26, Retrieved May 21, The History Channel.

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From 1,—1, metres 4,—5, ft , the forest becomes largely coniferous. The tree line generally ends at around 1, metres 5, ft and the alpine zone takes over, which in most areas, extends up to an elevation of 3, metres 9, ft above sea level. Eastern Georgia’s landscape referring to the territory east of the Likhi Range is considerably different from that of the west, although, much like the Colchis plain in the west, nearly all of the low-lying areas of eastern Georgia including the Mtkvari and Alazani River plains have been deforested for agricultural purposes.

In contrast with western Georgia, nearly 85 per cent of the forests of the region are deciduous. Coniferous forests only dominate in the Borjomi Gorge and in the extreme western areas. Out of the deciduous species of trees, beech , oak , and hornbeam dominate.

Other deciduous species include several varieties of maple , aspen , ash, and hazelnut. At higher elevations above 1, metres 3, ft above sea level particularly in the Tusheti , Khevsureti , and Khevi regions , pine and birch forests dominate. In general, the forests in eastern Georgia occur between —2, metres 1,—6, ft above sea level, with the alpine zone extending from 2,—2, to 3,—3, metres 6,—7, to 9,—11, ft.

The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the Alazani Valley of Kakheti. The climate of Georgia is extremely diverse, considering the nation’s small size.

There are two main climatic zones, roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range plays an important role in moderating Georgia’s climate and protects the nation from the penetration of colder air masses from the north. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains partially protect the region from the influence of dry and hot air masses from the south.

Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1,—2, mm 39—98 in , reaching a maximum during the Autumn months.

The climate of the region varies significantly with elevation and while much of the lowland areas of western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year, the foothills and mountainous areas including both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters snow cover often exceeds 2 metres or 6 feet 7 inches in many regions.

Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental. The region’s weather patterns are influenced both by dry Caspian air masses from the east and humid Black Sea air masses from the west. The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by mountain ranges Likhi and Meskheti that separate the eastern and western parts of the nation. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers especially in the low-lying areas and relatively cold winters.

As in the western parts of the nation, elevation plays an important role in eastern Georgia where climatic conditions above 1, metres 4, ft are considerably colder than in the low-lying areas. The common pheasant also known as the Colchian Pheasant is an endemic bird of Georgia which has been widely introduced throughout the rest of the world as an important game bird. The species number of invertebrates is considered to be very high but data is distributed across a high number of publications.

The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes species. Slightly more than 6, species of fungi , including lichen-forming species, have been recorded from Georgia, [] [] but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Georgia, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about seven per cent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.

Georgia is home to four ecoregions: Caucasus mixed forests , Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests , Eastern Anatolian montane steppe , and Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe. Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with many lands and empires since ancient times, largely due its location on the Black Sea and later on the historical Silk Road.

Gold, silver, copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains. Georgian wine making is a very old tradition and a key branch of the country’s economy. The country has sizeable hydropower resources.

For much of the 20th century, Georgia’s economy was within the Soviet model of command economy. Since the fall of the USSR in , Georgia embarked on a major structural reform designed to transition to a free market economy. As with all other post-Soviet states , Georgia faced a severe economic collapse. The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated the crisis.

The agriculture and industry output diminished. By the gross domestic product had shrunk to a quarter of that of Since the early 21st century visible positive developments have been observed in the economy of Georgia. Main exports are ores, ferro-alloys, vehicles, wines, mineral waters and fertilizers. Between and , Georgia’s HDI score improved by Since coming to power the Saakashvili administration accomplished a series of reforms aimed at improving tax collection. Among other things a flat income tax was introduced in As of , 54 per cent of the population lived below the national poverty line but by poverty decreased to 34 per cent and by to Georgia’s telecommunications infrastructure is ranked the last among its bordering neighbours in the World Economic Forum’s Network Readiness Index NRI — an indicator for determining the development level of a country’s information and communication technologies.

Georgia ranked number 58 overall in the NRI ranking, [] up from 60 in Tourism is an increasingly significant part of the Georgian economy. In , more than 1. Today transport in Georgia is provided by rail , road, ferry, and air. Total length of roads in Georgia , excluding the occupied territories , is 21, kilometres 13, mi and railways — 1, km mi. In recent years Georgia has invested large amounts of money in the modernization of its transport networks.

The Georgian railways represent an important transport artery for the Caucasus, as they make up the largest proportion of a route linking the Black and Caspian Seas.

In turn, this has allowed them to benefit in recent years from increased energy exports from neighbouring Azerbaijan to the European Union, Ukraine, and Turkey. Since the Georgian Railways have been undergoing a rolling programme of fleet-renewal and managerial restructuring which is aimed at making the service provided more efficient and comfortable for passengers. Air and maritime transport is developing in Georgia, with the former mainly used by passengers and the latter for transport of freight.

Georgia currently has four international airports, the largest of which is by far Tbilisi International Airport , hub for Georgian Airways , which offers connections to many large European cities. Other airports in the country are largely underdeveloped or lack scheduled traffic, although, as of late, efforts have been made to solve both these problems.

Scheduled and chartered passenger ferry services link Georgia with Bulgaria, [] Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. Like most native Caucasian peoples , the Georgians do not fit into any of the main ethnic categories of Europe or Asia. The present day Georgian or Kartvelian nation is thought to have resulted from the fusion of aboriginal, autochthonous inhabitants with immigrants who moved into South Caucasus from the direction of Anatolia in remote antiquity.

The population of Georgia totalled 3,, as of , [] [c] a decrease from a figure of 3,, of the previous census in October According to the census, Ethnic Georgians form about According to the census there were 27, Jews in Georgia. The census, carried out in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund UNFPA , found a population gap of approximately , compared to the data from the National Statistical Office of Georgia, Geostat, which was cumulatively built on the census.

Consecutive research estimated the census to be inflated by 8 to 9 percent, [] which affected the annually updated population estimates in subsequent years. One explanation put forward by UNFPA is that families of emigrants continued to list them in as residents for fear of losing certain rights or benefits. Also, the population registration system from birth to death was non-functional. It was not until around that parts of the system became reliable again. With the support of the UNFPA, the demographic data for the period has been retro-projected.

The census recorded , ethnic Russians , or 6. Russia received by far the most migrants from Georgia. According to United Nations data, this totalled , by , declining to , by The Russian census recorded about , ethnic Georgians living in Russia, [] with approximately 40, living in Moscow by In the early s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , violent separatist conflicts broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region.

The most widespread language group is the Kartvelian family , which includes Georgian, Svan , Mingrelian and Laz. Georgian is the primary language of Today The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognized in the Constitution of Georgia and the Concordat of , although religious institutions are separate from the state. Main religions [9] [c]. Religious minorities of Georgia include Muslims In Abkhazia , a minority of the Abkhaz population is also Sunni Muslim, alongside the faithful of the revived Abkhaz pagan faith.

There are also smaller communities of Greek Muslims of Pontic Greek origin and Armenian Muslims , both of whom are descended from Ottoman-era converts to Turkish Islam from Eastern Anatolia who settled in Georgia following the Lala Mustafa Pasha’s Caucasian campaign that led to the Ottoman conquest of the country in Georgian Jews trace the history of their community to the 6th century BC; their numbers have dwindled in the last decades due to high levels of immigration to Israel.

Despite the long history of religious harmony in Georgia, [] there have been instances of religious discrimination and violence against “nontraditional faiths”, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses , by followers of the defrocked Orthodox priest Basil Mkalavishvili.

In addition to traditional religious organizations, Georgia retains secular and irreligious segments of society 0. The education system of Georgia has undergone sweeping, though controversial, modernisation since Access to higher education is given to students who have gained a secondary school certificate. Only those students who have passed the Unified National Examinations may enroll in a state-accredited higher education institution, based on ranking of the scores received at the exams.

Most of these institutions offer three levels of study: a bachelor’s programme three to four years ; a master’s programme two years , and a doctoral programme three years. There is also a certified specialist’s programme that represents a single-level higher education programme lasting from three to six years.

Tbilisi has become the main artery of the Georgian educational system, particularly since the creation of the First Georgian Republic in permitted the establishment of modern, Georgian-language educational institutions. Tbilisi is home to several major institutions of higher education in Georgia, notably the Tbilisi State Medical University , which was founded as Tbilisi Medical Institute in , and the Tbilisi State University TSU , which was established in and remains the oldest university in the entire Caucasus region.

The following four universities are also located in Tbilisi: Georgian Technical University , [] which is Georgia’s main and largest technical university, The University of Georgia Tbilisi , [] as well as Caucasus University [] and Free University of Tbilisi. Georgian culture evolved over thousands of years from its foundations in the Iberian and Colchian civilizations.

This history which has shaped its cultural, religious, and political evolution translated into Georgians considering themselves a European nation. The Georgian language , and the Classical Georgian literature of the poet Shota Rustaveli , were revived in the 19th century after a long period of turmoil, laying the foundations of the romantics and novelists of the modern era such as Grigol Orbeliani , Nikoloz Baratashvili , Ilia Chavchavadze , Akaki Tsereteli , and Vazha-Pshavela.

Georgia is known for its folklore , traditional music, dances, theatre, cinema, and art. Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations. There are several architectural styles for castles , towers , fortifications and churches. The Upper Svaneti fortifications, and the castle town of Shatili in Khevsureti , are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgian castle architecture. Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of the most notable aspects of Georgian Christian architecture , which combines the classical dome style with the original basilica style, forming what is known as the Georgian cross-dome style.

Cross-dome architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century; before that, most Georgian churches were basilicas. Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found outside Georgia: Bachkovo Monastery in Bulgaria built in by the Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani , Iviron monastery in Greece built by Georgians in the 10th century , and the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem built by Georgians in the 9th century.

Television, magazines, and newspapers in Georgia are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising , subscription , and other sales-related revenues.

The Constitution of Georgia guarantees freedom of speech. The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster have left it without a direction in too. Georgia has an ancient musical tradition, which is primarily known for its early development of polyphony. Georgian polyphony is based on three vocal parts, a unique tuning system based on perfect fifths, and a harmonic structure rich in parallel fifths and dissonances. Georgian cuisine and wine have evolved through the centuries, adapting traditions in each era.

One of the most unusual traditions of dining is supra , or Georgian table , which is also a way of socializing with friends and family.

The head of supra is known as tamada. He also conducts the highly philosophical toasts, and makes sure that everyone is enjoying themselves. Various historical regions of Georgia are known for their particular dishes: for example, khinkali meat dumplings , from eastern mountainous Georgia, and khachapuri , mainly from Imereti , Samegrelo and Adjara. Georgia is one of the oldest wine-producing countries in the world.

Georgia’s moderate climate and moist air, influenced by the Black Sea , provide the best conditions for vine cultivation. The soil in vineyards is so intensively cultivated that the grapevines grow up the trunks of fruit trees eventually hanging down along the fruit when they ripen. This method of cultivation is called maglari.

Georgian wine has been a contentious issue in recent relationships with Russia. Political tensions with Russia have contributed to the Russian embargo of Georgian wine, Russia claimed Georgia produced counterfeit wine. It was an “official” reason, but instability of economic relations with Russia is well known, as they use the economic ties for political purposes. The most popular sports in Georgia are football , basketball , rugby union , wrestling , judo , and weightlifting. Rugby is considered Georgia’s national sport.

Within Georgia, one of the most popularized styles of wrestling is the Kakhetian style. There were a number of other styles in the past that are not as widely used today.

For example, the Khevsureti region of Georgia has three styles of wrestling. Other popular sports in 19th century Georgia were polo , and Lelo , a traditional Georgian game very similar to rugby. The first and only race circuit in the Caucasian region is located in Georgia. Dinamo Tbilisi won the prestigious Euroleague competition in Other notable basketball players are two times Euroleague champion Giorgi Shermadini and Euroleague players Manuchar Markoishvili and Viktor Sanikidze.

Sport is regaining its popularity in the country in recent years. Georgia national basketball team qualified to EuroBasket during the last three tournaments since From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the U. For other uses, see Republic of Georgia disambiguation. Coat of arms. Georgian territory under central control in dark green; uncontrolled territory in light green. Website www.

Main article: Names of Georgia. Main article: History of Georgia country. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Georgian country history. Main article: Prehistoric Georgia. Main article: Georgia within the Russian Empire. Main article: Democratic Republic of Georgia. Main article: Russo-Georgian War. See also: International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Main article: Politics of Georgia country. Main article: Foreign relations of Georgia country. Main article: Law enforcement in Georgia country. Main article: Corruption in Georgia.

Main article: Human rights in Georgia. Main article: Administrative divisions of Georgia country. See also: Occupied territories of Georgia.

Samegrelo- Zemo Svaneti. Samtskhe- Javakheti. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti. Shida Kartli. Kvemo Kartli. Mtskheta- Mtianeti.

Main article: Geography of Georgia country. Main article: Climate of Georgia country. Main articles: Economy of Georgia country and Agriculture in Georgia country. Main article: Tourism in Georgia country.

Main article: Transport in Georgia country. Main articles: Demographics of Georgia country and Georgians. Main article: Religion in Georgia country. Main religions [9] [c] Orthodox Christian Muslim Armenian Apostolic 2. Roman Catholic 0. Others 2. Main article: Culture of Georgia country. Main article: Media of Georgia. Main article: Music of Georgia country. Main article: Georgian cuisine. Main article: Georgian wine.

Main article: Sport in Georgia. Georgia country portal Abkhazia portal. The government of Georgia considers the two republics as integral parts of the country, with international support. In Abkhazian AR , also Abkhazian. Parliament of Georgia. Archived from the original PDF on 10 December National Statistics Office of Georgia. Archived from the original PDF on 10 October Retrieved 29 April Retrieved 7 May Archived PDF from the original on 8 August Retrieved 7 October International Monetary Fund.

Retrieved 6 March World Bank. Archived from the original on 20 July Retrieved 22 March United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 8 September National Statistics Office of Georgia Geostat. Archived from the original PDF on 5 February Retrieved 7 June National Statistics Office of Georgia, Geostat.

Retrieved 29 December Soviet Studies. The Legislative Herald of Georgia. Article 1. Retrieved 25 March UNDP Georgia. Philology, typology and language structure. Peter Lang. Georgica , Autumn, , nos. Historical, Indo-European, and Lexicographical Studies.

Walter de Gruyter. ISBN The Russian designation of Georgia Gruziya also derives from the Persian gurg. Gyula Moravcsik ed. De Administrando Imperio. H Jenkins. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Sanger and Marc Santora 20 February The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 February The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September Retrieved 28 August Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 24 May Retrieved 9 September Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints 2nd ed.

Vladimir’s Seminary Press. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology”. Archived from the original on 17 May Retrieved 22 April Studies in Christian Caucasian History.

Georgetown University Press. Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands. Cambridge University Press. Barthold [V. Modern History of Soviet Georgia. London: Greenwood Press. Trust and Conflict: Representation, Culture and Dialogue. Cultural Dynamics of Social Representation. Georgian Literature and Culture. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Archived from the original on 21 December Retrieved 1 December The Knight in the Panther Skin occupies a unique position as the Georgian national epic.

Tbilisi State University Press. University of Michigan Retrieved 25 September Rutgers University Press.

Moscow State University. Archived from the original on 1 May Retrieved 1 February Retrieved 17 May Yale University Press , , p. Georgia Today on the Web. Retrieved 5 January Retrieved 2 February Archived from the original on 21 August Retrieved 9 August Four Georgia communities receive support for projects that leverage applied research, technology, and data to ad Skin plays an important role in allowing an elephant to stretch its trunk to grab food and other items.

Homecoming Events. Celebrate With Us. Register to Attend. Majors and Degrees Georgia Tech offers a wide variety of technologically focused degrees. Information about Majors and Degrees. Prospective Students Choosing the right college can be complex. Information for Prospective Students. Representatives were elected with Republicans winning nine seats one winning with just votes over the Democratic challenger, and one seat being lost.

In the three presidential elections up to and including , the Republican candidate has won Georgia by approximately five to eight points over the Democratic nominee, at least once for each election being narrower than margins recorded in some states that have flipped within that timeframe, such as Michigan , Ohio and Wisconsin.

This trend led to the state narrowly electing Democrat Joe Biden for president in , and it coming to be regarded as a swing state. In a study, Georgia was ranked as 49th on the “Cost of Voting Index” with only Texas ranking higher. During the s and s, Georgia made significant changes in civil rights and governance. As in many other states, its legislature had not reapportioned congressional districts according to population from to after the census. Problems of malapportionment in the state legislature, where rural districts had outsize power in relation to urban districts, such as Atlanta’s, were corrected after the U.

Supreme Court ruling in Wesberry v. Sanders The court ruled that congressional districts had to be reapportioned to have essentially equal populations.

A related case, Reynolds v. Sims , required state legislatures to end their use of geographical districts or counties in favor of “one man, one vote”; that is, districts based upon approximately equal populations, to be reviewed and changed as necessary after each census. These changes resulted in residents of Atlanta and other urban areas gaining political power in Georgia in proportion to their populations. Economic growth through this period was dominated by Atlanta and its region.

It was a bedrock of the emerging ” New South “. From the late 20th century, Atlanta attracted headquarters and relocated workers of national companies, becoming more diverse, liberal and cosmopolitan than many areas of the state. In the 21st century, many conservative Democrats, including former U. Senator and governor Zell Miller , decided to support Republicans.

The state’s socially conservative bent results in wide support for measures such as restrictions on abortion. Hodges , all Georgia counties came into full compliance, recognizing the rights of same-sex couples to marry in the state. In presidential elections , Georgia voted solely Democratic in every election from to In , it did not vote for either of the two parties, but rather the American Independent Party and its nominee, Alabama Governor George Wallace.

In , the state returned to Republicans as part of a landslide victory for Richard Nixon. In and , it voted for Democrat and former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter. The state returned to Republicans in and , before going Democratic once again in For every election between that year and , Georgia voted heavily Republican, in line with many of its neighbors in the Deep South.

In , it voted Democratic for the first time in 28 years, aiding Joe Biden in his defeat of incumbent Republican Donald Trump. Prior to , Republicans in state, federal and congressional races had seen decreasing margins of victory, and many election forecasts had ranked Georgia as a “toss-up” state, or with Biden as a very narrow favorite. After no candidate in either race received a majority of the vote, both went to January 5, , run-offs, which Democrats Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock won.

Ossoff is the state’s first Jewish senator, and Warnock is the state’s first Black senator. Biden’s, Ossoff’s, and Warnock’s wins were attributed to the rapid diversification of the suburbs of Atlanta [] and increased turnout of younger African American voters, particularly around the suburbs of Atlanta and in Savannah, Georgia.

Atlanta boasts the world’s busiest airport , as measured both by passenger traffic and by aircraft traffic. Atlanta has a significant effect on the state of Georgia, the Southeastern United States, and beyond.

It has been the site of growth in finance , insurance , technology , manufacturing , real estate , service , logistics , transportation , film , communications , convention and trade show businesses and industries, while tourism is important to the economy. Atlanta is a global city , also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center , as a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system.

The state is the number one producer of pecans in the world, thanks to Naomi Chapman Woodroof regarding peanut breeding, with the region around Albany in southwest Georgia being the center of Georgia’s pecan production.

Georgia was ranked the number 2 state for infrastructure and global access by Area Development magazine. The Port of Savannah is the third-busiest seaport in the United States, [] importing and exporting a total of 2. Hartsfield—Jackson Atlanta International Airport moves over , tons of cargo annually through three cargo complexes 2 million square feet or , square meters of floor space.

It has nearby cold storage for perishables; it is the only airport in the Southeast with USDA-approved cold-treatment capabilities. Delta Air Lines also offers an on-airport refrigeration facility for perishable cargo, and a acre Foreign Trade Zone is located at the airport. Georgia is a major railway hub, has the most extensive rail system in the Southeast, and has the service of two Class I railroads, CSX and Norfolk Southern, plus 24 short-line railroads.

Georgia is ranked the 3 state in the nation for rail accessibility. Rail shipments include intermodal, bulk, automotive and every other type of shipment. Georgia’s six interstates connect to 80 percent of the U. Southern Congressmen have attracted major investment by the U. These installations command numerous jobs and business for related contractors. Georgia’s electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States, with natural gas being the primary electrical generation fuel, followed by coal.

The state also has two nuclear power facilities, Plant Hatch and Plant Vogtle , which contribute almost one fourth of Georgia’s electricity generation, and two additional nuclear reactors are being built at Vogtle as of The leading area of energy consumption is the industrial sector because Georgia “is a leader in the energy-intensive wood and paper products industry”.

Production was then moved to Burbank, California. A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia. The city of Athens sparked an influential rock music scene in the s and s.

Among the groups achieving their initial prominence there were R. Atlanta is mentioned in a number of these artists’ tracks, such as Usher’s “A-Town Down” reference in his hit ” Yeah! Sports in Georgia include professional teams in nearly all major sports, Olympic Games contenders and medalists, collegiate teams in major and small-school conferences and associations, and active amateur teams and individual sports. The Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta.

The stadium that was built to host various Olympic events was converted to Turner Field , home of the Atlanta Braves through The venue was also the site of the annual Chick-fil-A Bowl post-season college football games. He was from Narrows, Georgia and was nicknamed the “Georgia Peach”. There are 48 state parks , 15 historic sites, and numerous wildlife preserves under supervision of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Outdoor recreational activities include hiking along the Appalachian Trail ; Civil War Heritage Trails; rock climbing and whitewater kayaking.

Georgia county and city public school systems are administered by school boards with members elected at the local level. As of [update] , all but 19 of boards are elected from single-member districts. Residents and activist groups in Fayette County, Georgia sued the board of commissioners and school board for maintaining an election system based on at-large voting, which tended to increase the power of the majority and effectively prevented minority participation on elected local boards for nearly years.

Georgia high schools grades nine through twelve are required to administer a standardized , multiple choice End of Course Test , or EOCT, in each of eight core subjects: algebra , geometry , U. The official purpose of the tests is to assess “specific content knowledge and skills”.

Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course, completion of the test is mandatory. This change is currently only in effect for the —21 school year.

Georgia has 85 public colleges, universities, and technical colleges in addition to more than 45 private institutes of higher learning. Among Georgia’s public universities is the flagship research university , the University of Georgia , founded in as the country’s oldest state-chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education.

The student must maintain a 3. The Georgia Historical Society , an independent educational and research institution, has a research center located in Savannah. The research center’s library and archives hold the oldest collection of materials related to Georgia history in the nation.

The Weather Channel also has its headquarters in Atlanta. By far, the largest daily newspaper in Georgia is the Atlanta Journal-Constitution with a daily readership of , and a Sunday readership of , Georgia Public Radio has been in service since [] [] and, with the exception of Atlanta, it broadcasts daily on several FM and one AM stations across the state. WSB was only the second such operation founded in the Southern U. Transportation in Georgia is overseen by the Georgia Department of Transportation , a part of the executive branch of the state government.

Other commercial airports ranked in order of passengers served are located in Augusta , Columbus , Albany , Macon , Brunswick , Valdosta , and Athens. The Georgia Ports Authority manages two deepwater seaports, at Savannah and Brunswick, and two river ports, at Bainbridge and Columbus.

The Port of Savannah is a major U. Formed in as strictly a bus system, MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a rapid transit system consisting of 48 miles 77 km of rail track with 38 train stations.

MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers. As of [update] , the average total daily ridership for the system bus and rail was , passengers. The state has general hospitals, more than 15, doctors and almost 6, dentists.

Martin Luther King Jr. He was a civil rights movement leader who protested for equal rights and against racial discrimination.

He won the Nobel Peace Prize in Van Leer played an important role in the civil rights movement, Georgia’s economy and was president of Georgia Tech.

Largest cities or towns in Georgia U. Main article: Demographics of Georgia U. Mark’s United Methodist Church in Atlanta. Religion in Georgia [75] Religion Percent Protestant.

Main article: Government of Georgia U. See also: List of governors of Georgia and Georgia elected officials. Further information: List of counties in Georgia.

Main article: Elections in Georgia U. See also: Political party strength in Georgia U. Main article: Politics of Georgia U. It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Economy of Georgia U. Discuss September See also: Georgia U. See also: List of gold mines in Georgia. Main article: Film industry in Georgia U. Flag of Georgia. Main article: Culture of Georgia U. Main article: Music of Georgia U. See also: List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta.

Main article: Sports in Georgia U. Main article: Protected areas of Georgia U. Main article: Education in Georgia U. See also: List of newspapers in Georgia U. Main article: Transportation in Georgia U. See also: List of hospitals in Georgia U.

Main article: List of people from Georgia U. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on July 22, Retrieved October 21, The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 30, Retrieved April 26, Retrieved May 21, The History Channel. Retrieved February 20, The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 13, Grady — “. New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 27, The Times-Herald.

Archived from the original on December 13, Retrieved May 22, September Retrieved February 7, Archived from the original on May 24, July 27, Archived from the original on August 31, Retrieved October 24, July 10, Retrieved July 27, Johns Hopkins University Press.

JSTOR S2CID Archived from the original PDF on June 27, Retrieved April 17, Georgia Tech.

Georgia (U.S. state) – Wikipedia

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