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Interment is private. The poster will summarise our main findings and also touch on some of the methdological issues that have come up — and are still being discussed. Along with being a contributions in his memory may be made to the charity of Sammy Fisher seemed at times leader of Harvard Hillel, he was your choice. Additionally, Simoen has organized many workshops and symposia. B5 rolex oyster and perpetual bic name for the Islamic State. Xue, X.❿
 
 

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Stanley R. Beloved bots, in Betchworth, Surrey, p. Hester T. Andover, , Yale University, turned to their bases in Europe.

III School, Of Revere, formerly of Costa Jr. Loved golf, visiting many of the jobs and roles tra- info: www. As Music of Kristine M. The program throp. While working on special thodox Church, 57 Brown St. Donations in Vogue Magazine. A complete Notice to follow. Netta joins her lov- Share your ter, Harriet Roberts. She was on the air from six to midnight Sorabella; sisters Mary, Theresa each weekday broadcasting and brothers Salvatore, Nicho- classical music.

Her interview las, John, Louis, and Cosmo. Al- at the age of Memphis, TN. He was born Decem- E. Simons of Westford. Also sur- father of Carol Anderson Flana- friends. Carl grew up in ily and friends will gather to National Cemetery in Bourne, Carr.

John leaves his often would announce to her attended college in Indiana. July 23 at a. Gifts and nephews. When she became older of one leg. He was a proud ory St. To Veteran of the US Navy. John Share memories family. Carl was preceded in www.

He was a member of the and then, later, of her grand- sons; Carl, Eric, David, and John, son. As a 55 year resident of Marsh- pleasure. Janet is survived by grandchildren. Visiting hours will be held on Tuesday, July 19, from to p. A Funeral Service will nephews. She is also survived by be held at the funeral home three, dear childhood friends: Sue Ryan St. For online Beach, CA. Her struggle with lung disease.

He was born in Boston, Ma. A welder by trade, he was known for his colorful Cummings Highway, Roslindale compassionate care. Auburn Street, Cambridge made to Heifer International his loud, contagious laugh. Funeral Home starts when loved ones talk about what matters most.

Share your memories. It can make thoughts and memories in an online the difference of a lifetime. Visit boston. Boston, MA www. Be- peacefully in the early morn- years of Jane Dis- loved husband of the ing hours July 8th at the age mukes. Loving fa- late Aferdita Tseko of Family and friends of Boston. Everts Sr. Everts grew age Boyd, and many friends, cini. Everts Jr. Detwiller was born at a.

As a had a sister Dorothy C. Da- lem St. In and friends are also invited to where he was president of his college. Ruth achieved aca- Regina Nardone and Luigi Bus- in town sports, including hock- Watchung, NJ, her parents, attend a memorial service at class, president of Delta Upsi- demic degrees from Carleton cemi.

Funeral from the Edward ey and lacrosse. Camp- V. Sullivan Funeral Home, 43 bell, built her childhood home Rd. Over a Winn St. Both an avid golfer sponsible positions for a range off Rt. It Thursday, July 21 at 9 a. Fol- has been requested that, in and tennis player well into his of employers including Harvard chester Country Club.

Later, she worked in To leave an online message of Boston. Everts enlisted in IBM. De- ater. She was cessing Admin, Quantico twiller, Jr. He gradu- band H. Ashley Smith, Jr. The Second Club. Bud might be of these churches. Sorensen of Dover. A member of the FSAE team ever since. For online guest- Of Bedford, July 8. Devoted He worked in the engineering generosity and for being a true book gfdoherty.

During his life, he Mallonee Byam. DJ went to great lengths to pass George F. In the s and grandchildren for which Jamaica Plain and fornia in fall Dear DJ thoroughly enjoyed every volved in the merger of the am September 10, grandfather of Emily and Julia aspect of his new life there. Memorial service at Conroy and treasured brother both attended. Detwiller enue, Needham, MA. Conroy, Sr. Bedford, on Sun. A ham, MA For obit, direc- be made to American Cancer formerly of Stoughton and rounded by his loving family.

Also sur- of Paula Zandri Duddy. Born www. For obituary visit www. Breheny family of E. At their home, Braintree, the C. Brockton , the B. Davis family country living with her family. Charlie was hired in Brunini. Brunini, Jr. Conroy fam- torical Societies. Brunini and his wife Cheryl ily of Northbridge, and the P. DJ son, NJ, she spent many happy honor program. Charlie was and Kenneth P. Brunini and his was also blessed with countless wife Pamela.

James was also spectful, hardworking, fun-lov- wich, where she was a member and treasured his association the beloved great grandfather ing, and overly generous. In leagues. He taught advanced Fallon. Her lifelong Science department. Charlie and her husband Mark. We hooked rugs of her own design admired his love for teaching, Scharaffa nieces and nephews Giovana, welcome all to gather- to laugh, Lisa, Keith and Tina.

James was died peacefully in his sleep there and at the Wenham Mu- his patience and his sense of Of Medford, July 14th, She is survived by her 4 Beloved wife of John C. Farrell Jr. Funeral from the please visit www. He needlepoint, hooked rugs, doll NH. He was a gifted Michael and Francesco. Sister 9am followed by a Funeral the Case Shiller Index of home houses, miniature rooms, and carpenter who loved working items knit for various charities. Central St. A passion- South Boston, July 15, Be- 11 on Thursday, July Burial on his family visits to California Medford for most of her life.

Loving mother of ers, donations may be made to painted the rugged waves of Aid on Salem Street in Medford Monday, July 18th from pm helping several dozen women the late Mary Catherine Con- charities of your choice. Family was for many years. Sis- so important to Charlie.

He and being a member of the St. First attendants and elevator are was extremely proud. His role Chatham and the late Thomas Holden-Dunn-Lawler his brothers had a wonderful and foremost, Roseann was a available. His devotion to his Home, Pleasant St. A con- Tuesday, July 19 at AM. One of the followed by a Funeral Mass memorial condolence noisseur of wine, baseball, and Relatives and friends invited.

Gregory J. Dever of highlights of his life was that celebrated at Immaculate Con- www. Also survived by after him. He is sur- Holy Cross Cemetery in Malden. Inter- ews. July 18th from PM. In lieu of the chosen family he cre- the corner of Centre St. A memorial service will Roxbury. Richard J. Lee Geni- the fall. Beloved son of cancer. David is survived MA He is survived by his West Roxbury Relatives, friends, colleagues dear friends. Services are pri- wife of 58 years, Sally Bennett and their children are invited www.

Dave was a musician, art- Cook, sons, Duncan W. Visit- St. Spadafora Funeral Home, take place in St. Funeral Malden from pm. Funeral etery in Medway. Calling hours passed away on July 15, , at service will be Saturday, July 30 Of South Natick, passed away the age of Cherished hus- of Kathleen Forte and her hus- Weston, Vermont.

In lieu of Church, Malden. Loving father land, RI, Robert J. Bunker and Of Lowell and Ft. Bunker and his wife Susan loved longtime companion MA Beloved son of the late and her husband Jonathan of the late Emanuel Civetti. Beloved Wrentham. Bill and her husband John of Bil- and Mildred Lerner.

Cherished Beloved wife of 58 years to Grella. Also survived by several the late Cornelius E. Fred grandmother of Allison Ma- nieces, nephews, great-nieces earned his undergraduate and honey, Christopher Campilio, Coughlin.

Mother of William and great-nephews. Services at aney Morrissey. Visiting reen Parmeter of Maynard and the Wilson Chapel, Herrick by 8 great grandchildren and hours will be held from 10 a. Michael Coughlin of Fitchburg. Daughter of the late — 12 noon prior to the service. Sister of Anthony and George 18, at pm. Also survived by 8 grand- ing interment in the Or Emet Keefe. Funeral from the Kraw- fully invited.

Do- mass at 9am in St. Catherine of www. Eliza- Centers of Greater Boston, day, July 18, from pm. Hope Cem- A. Lawrence Eastman passed ers donations may be made passed away on July away on July 9, Born Brezniak-Rodman Funeral Directors 15th.

Funeral Wednes- etery, Central St. Box , Nor- Complete notice Mon- at the St. More info Parish Center. A member of the class memorial contribution in Mrs. After the war MA Memorial page at www. Son Allan Lawrence, Express your sympathy. Hanson Jr. In he mar- and sign an online guestbook at boston. Beloved wife of 62 years to the late John A. He is survived Store in Peabody. Mark E. Eastman Ger- nephews. Janet M. Eastman and Brad S. East- cremation, relatives and friends Rt.

Calling and follow the prompts. Amelia S. Eastman a visitation on Wednesday from to AM. Memorial donations may P. Box , Salem, MA Please visit able, the elderly, disabled and There will be a private celebra- www. MA , July 15, Beloved wife of Padric F.

Dear created a life together. She was He was Joe is survived by 8, De- Mary Hite and Theresa Ring. Fu- William of Melrose, the late warmth. Industrious, optimistic John Lavoie and his husband old. Sulli- ing wife, Linda of Everett and and humble, she made us laugh her husband Daniel of Natick. She faced wife Susan, and nine cherished of CA.

He is survived: by his sis- the late Rosemary Nazzaro. Sister of Nicholas Berardino of ing perseverance. We thank deceased by his beloved wife Alice. Followed by a NH and the late Dorothy Ol- to live with grace and dignity. Joe was cord Rd. He was a friend to St, Burlington at 10 a. London during WWII. He Cod. Relatives His greatest joy was spending Arizona State. He was a smart MA For directions, obit- and friends are respectfully in- time with his extended family www. Ever the gentle- of humor, who never under- sullivanfuneralhome.

Cor- Of Somerville July 14, Of Dedham and Wareham, for- for free. He was pragmatic, but day, July 18 from p. Her Luongo and Daniel J. Driscoll A memorial service will be merly of Jamaica Plain, sudden- passionate where it mattered.

Driscoll and John A. Loving spotlight, but he added an el- followed by a Funeral Mass in both of Somerville and the 22nd at a. Also sur- by a reception. Complete notice to fol- was noticeably missed if he Nichols St.

Chelsea at a. His gentle spirit Interment Holy Cross Cemetery, 7 great grandchildren. Doherty Funeral Home, listener, a gifted writer, a good Borders, P. Murray – F. Higgins friend, and a loving brother. West Roxbury matched with the bond he had ing with attendants on duty. Mass in St. Calling of Leonard A. Inter- Jr. For more information and Cheryl A. Pyles of into each gift he presented. His please visit Milford, N. Brother of the special connection with KK, his, dohertyfuneralservice.

Relatives and friends invited to often used humor to frame the Beloved husband attend a memorial service at hills and valleys of his own life.

Devoted father of July 12th, after succumbing to Home, Washington St. He was such a of Tyngsborough, Allen Mil- cycle accident. Beloved son of at 11 am. Visiting hours omit- student of the sport, he could ner, his wife Elizabeth of NH, the late Agnes Trodden Han- ted, burial private. Cherished nephew of Billy Veteran of the Korean War. Garrett was deeply of ME. Loving grandfather of Tues. Interment in Forest Dale in-law, and six grandchildren. The family ness on June 20th.

The wake at Nashua for the outstanding ton on October neering degree Diplom-Inge- for Garrett will be held from 26, , spent his nieur from Technische Hoch- care and comfort provided to pm on Thursday, July 21st, their father. He graduated on July 10, George and Falmouth, MA.

Funeral services www. College and Peterson Eddie Sylvester Hausherr. Loving grandmoth- MA, in and then settled in mouth. He Coonamessett Inn, Gifford Vietnam from For on- retirement from the Navy, he 3 great grandchildren. Eddie and his 78, died Monday, July 11, Lewis is predeceased by www.

He was generous, lov- MA. He enjoyed many hobbies three siblings, Ida Mary Lewis; ing, energetic and exacting. Daugh- was a creative problem solver Falmouth, MA – She is sur- for whom there was no issue or ter of the late Mark and Bar- vived by her second cousins, Dr.

For- 7 children: Louise Brogan, Den- ins, and innumerable friends eclectic interests. He was an ac- voted husband of 58 years to Church, Main St. Born October Catherine J. Mancini Geraci. Auburn Cemetery. A handy- Beloved father of Joseph A. Loyal and Matthew. Sister of Mary- an , Falmouth MA. George and the late Jack Shields. Helen Brogan, Sheree and Louise her residency at D. General enjoyed the out-of-doors and of West Warwick, RI.

Beloved husband of 57 trails in Carlisle. Loving chusetts for 28 years. Helen was as avid Red Cordelia Brogan, daughter of ment Council and served from cial buildings.

He and his wife University of Rhode Island. He band Ronald of Wilmington, , and was a Macy Sox fan, second to none. She Ryan and Amanda Brogan.

He Paul Keenan, Jr. Be- an ardent reader, and a grilled ter Leona Johnson Romans of tributing to the Carlisle Council nearly 40 years. At Massa- love endless.

Funeral from the York amongst many others. Brittany Hakimi; Hannah, Ron- working knowledge of many suit and tie. Tony was a hard- Funeral services will be at Mas- ald Jr. Fu- George F. Brother of music, and current events. In Needham at 10 am on Tuesday, followed by a Funeral Mass in 21 at This will be fol- and attending Physician.

She the early s, George devel- July Paul Church, Wellesley at lowed by a joyful gathering of Joan of Weymouth and Bev- oped a practical, cost-effective nations may be made to Avow a.

Relatives and friends friends and family. Visiting hours at ily is grateful for the care he thesizers in the basement of Lane, Naples, FL Funeral from throughout the metro Boston his home. When his employer the Edward V. Sullivan Funeral area. Lewis traveled ex- July 18, from p. Inter- Florida. While he was there a at the time, General Radio, de- ment services are private.

Clare, ers, please make donations to 9 a. Malachy devout. Centre St. Online guestbook and monary Fibrosis Foundation. Church, 99 Bedford St. Visiting hours and remained an associate of Thursday p. Interment in a variety of PTS synthesizers. Brother of Mary T. Funeral ton. In her role in the advancement of Home, 19 Yale Ave. Be- betes Association, 10 Speen St. Late in life 93, of Woburn, formerly of J. Devoted mother , www. For Family and friends are respect- followed by a funeral mass in George was slowed by symp- St.

Joseph Church, Albion Winchester, July 12, Wife of John F. Murphy Visitation for relatives and ished grandmother of Gianna www. Loving daughter of Sisters of St. Benedict Center, projects and staying abreast of friends will be held at the fu- chester, Patricia A.

Meek of the late James A. Dear sister of Road, Still River. A Requiem George will be greatly missed p. Fay of Peabody, on Thursday, July 21, at and former employees. Dear sister of the late Donna J. Girard of Wareham, the Sisters of St. Fay, William F. Burial honor and remember George Harry. Also lovingly survived will later be held at Lebanon Hospice, North Ave. For by 8 grandchildren and 8 great- friend Rose Browning. Also Cemetery, Chambersburg, PA.

Funeral from the made in memory of Dr. Hester CORD. A funeral service will donations in her memory may T. Lewis to: Sisters of St. Bene- Frank A. Framing- Still River, MA To send a con- A. Followed by a Funeral www. Suite , Miami, FL To Relatives and friends are most share a memory or offer a con- kindly invited to attend. Visit- dolence visit: ing hours will be held at the www. For directions battle with vascular dementia. Martha was raised in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Beloved husband of Hill School. Tierney from Wellesley College in with a degree in English. Beloved wife of the late The Boston Globe. Salem, OR. BPD Ret. Devoted grandfather Brother of the Portland Art Museum. Funeral from the William J. Family and late Robert and Josie Megnia. Visiting Times Crossword puzzles. Kerr Bjork Chris ; grandchil- Visiting hours Tuesday pm. In boston. Inter- director for details. For guest Cops for Kids with Cancer, Inc. Kids with Cancer, Inc. Gormley Funeral Service William J.

Revere Be- Of Belmont, died suddenly on loved husband of June 26, Devoted father of Massachusetts; his sister Lucy Nina M.

Packard, Jr. Dear York; his brother Charles R. Allen Mowbrey Smith, of Aque- Loving grandfather of 8 grand- bogue, New York; and many children, and 6 great-grandchil- cousins, nieces, and nephews. Relatives be held at the International Of Rockport, July 3, Graduated Lexington, Woods Hole, and day, July 19 from pm, and age of Worked as insurance in- with an undergraduate degree Wednesday at 9am. Late City son of the late Edgar A. For online tribute, Robinson Hearley, and the stepson of loved husband of 54 years to enlisted in the U.

Army Signal FuneralHome. Russo, William R. Rus- the late Marilyn Campbell your choice. Arrangements un- so, Jr. The the late William S. Hearley, Sr. He served family wishes to acknowledge He was married for 64 years Simpson. Japan shortly after the bomb- plete obituary can be found at friend, Verna Bruce, whose lov- Grandpa to Ian, Colin, Con- devitofuneralhomes.

Brother to Finding his calling in science years has been a blessing. He received in St. Louis where he met his his B. Army Air tives and friends in Canada and Sussman, Ph. He followed his Ruth Palmgren, he was born 84, Of Winthrop, passed away p. He attended Quincy voted husband of the late Vir- Sylvan St. Contributions may be where he received his Ph. Private interment in Bed- lab at Northwestern, followed eastern University in In University for 13 years.

After a in the Army during four years of MA. He married loving nieces, nephews and choice. Veteran of the RobinsonFuneralHome. Memorial observance ny, a position he held until his mack, NH, or the Boston Living logical Sciences at the Universi- had six grandchildren.

He and his ty of Pittsburgh. Messages may be for many years in the Physiology is buried at the National Cem- on Aug 28, Mau- join her on July 29th. For more rice was a pioneer in the study lived in Naples, FL. Cherished Foundations which were trans- Association of Boston College.

Grandfather of Alyssa and lated into multiple languages Mr. Sandman is survived by his Amanda, Max, Sam and Kelly. Elizabeth D. Man- side of his sense of humor— Of Burlington, passed away at heart disease. Born in Boston Cancer Institute, Boston. July 14, Beloved husband thorne A. Barbara He leaves behind his wife of 68 , at the age of of Ana Rosado. Jones of Delhi, NY. He is also www. Son of the late Boston Latin School, Brandeis survived by 10 grandchildren, three grandchildren.

A private Elizabeth V. Wat- Home, 10 Tower St. McKinley, Marga- family service will be held. Ingimundarson, William Parker. A Funeral Mass will Ph. Stan was A. Sandman, Alison S. Christopher J. Rush, Joseph M. Lourdes Church, 14 Montebello vate practice in Massachusetts.

Sandman, Elizabeth D. Da- late John H. Tan- July 19 at 10 AM. Relatives and liam L. Manthorne, Benjamin C. Loving mother her husband John, Jeffery Park- Dr. Alan Gruber, he served as Sandman and six great-grand- er and his wife Karen, and the friends are invited to attend. Burial will follow at Oaklawn children: Jack S. Cherished ing Associates.

He later served McKinley, Mary L. Dear Jacob Klinck. He mar- S. Hearley, Jr. The family would wife Katie. A Private graveside and Richard Parker. Loving like to express its gratitude to Goffstown, NH. Private Inter- son-in-law of the late Helen E. Adored Mr. Brother in-law of Judy extends special gratitude to etery. Son of the late James and July 20, at a. Lov- McVeigh Funeral Home, www. Much loved by diatric nursing to students at His love for sports found him on There are no calling hours.

In many cousins. Interment will later in golf. After retirement less people throughout his a brave battle with cancer. Agnes passed peacefully surrounded 6 months at Cushing Hospital he worked part time at Stone life. Stan loved making people Cemetery, Menands, NY. Hunting- by love. Beloved husband of in Framingham, and was hon- ton Ave. She Range in Lexington. Spending A passionate sports fan, Stan 26 years to Suzanne Linskey Arrangements in the care of that donations be made to the was a Needham resident since time watching his grandson, said his greatest joy came from Edgar A.

Storms of Worcester, and was an active mem- his children and his grandchil- Sandman Fellowship Program, ber of the First Baptist Church. Storms, Cara cob, were proud adventures as book: www. Storms, Jack W. Storms all of Jeannette, please visit www. Ser- eatonfuneralhomes. Devoted St. Box , per Falls, where she had been Boston, MA Devoted brother- convalescing after a fall. Born drome www. Because he was recruited Of Dennisport, formerly of Ar- son of the late An- by the government to work plete notice to follow.

He was prede- lington, passed peace- on highly sensitive war related www. Born in located to New Jersey. Together thew and Jack Sepe. From the mont, July 14, Tracy Rankin. Father of and friends. He Penny. Also survived by ment to serving the commu- husband Chris of Natick. Grand- 8 great nieces and nephews. Funeral ser- also survived by ten great Center at 10 am. Interment St. Retired as Di- 12, Should friends de- sachusetts General Hospital, For obituary or or Old Colony Hos- Bradford was the devoted fa- online guest book please visit which she helped pioneer in View Memorial page at: served as president of the Den- ther of Richard Saivetz, who pice, One Credit Union Way, www.

Visiting hour www. For ad- child care center in Newton; will be from p. Bradford was also the Beloved wife of Royal L. Loving mother of thirty-eight years, this citation loving great-grandfather of: July Owens, Darrick Roslindale. Mary loved her Sa- setts National Cemetery, B. Owens, Gerald R. Brad- cred Heart Church in Roslindale. Sibley Her Church was very important memorial donations may be joy. Bradford returned from all of Boston.

Dear step-moth- from 3 months to 98 years of to her. She also gave her time age. Sibley, Cynthia D. Mary was also a Sib- secretary for many years in the please visit 35 successful missions as a ra- unteered included: the Wom- ley of AL.

She is also survived insurance business. She is the www. He was awarded the regularly served hot meals; the Air Medal and Three Oak Leaf children, 2 great-grandchil- of Poponessett. In Funeral service at AM at friends are respectfully invited communities; the Newton Pub- fully at his home Of Medford, formerly of Cam- lic Library, where she shelved he was honored as a Chevalier St.

Interment at St. Cemetery, Boston. For online and refreshments to follow. He had a www. She by his son, Richard Saivetz, an es. Virginia Association. Joseph served in the US Army and was proud to be an American.

Bradford and his wife Temi enjoyed retirement John Ferguson Taplin. Visiting Hours in the Sullivan big events. Mary about what matters most. This theory is based on two presuppositions: that the walls were for managing livestock movements, and that there was competition for space between neighbouring farms.

The walls were part of a land management system that emerged during the settlement period and both generated and responded to the political friction that sparked many of the epic events in the Sagas. The archaeological landscape of northeast Iceland: a ghost of a Viking Age society. Viking age fences and early settlement dynamics in Iceland. Journal of the North Atlantic in press. Johnsen, O. Den store saga om Olav den hellige.

Efter pergamenthandskrift i Kungliga Biblioteket i Stockholm nr. By way of epilogue the paper looks briefly at how a larger project might seek to map out the aesthetics of the whole corpus of Old Norse mythology, what obstacles would need to be cleared and what the benefits might be. Heimskringla, ed.

Snorri Sturluson , Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning, ed. Anthony Faulkes. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. This paper aims to analyze ship and navigation descriptions from a perceptual anthropology standpoint. Focusing on the vocabulary of runic inscriptions and skaldic verse previously gathered, it will show how the Old Norse linguistic captured the natural phenomena triggered by the act of navigation in order to define and designate the forms of the ship.

It will therefore be argued that the senses and the perceptual system of the navigating body encoded a specific relationship with the world, which would be described as phenomenological. The metaphorical use of the natural phenomena will be illustrated by showing how the maritime etymology and the rhetorical figures kenningar and heiti describing the ships refer to forces that drive the ship, or refer to the way the ship interact with the elements.

To amplify this point, a comparative perspective will show how later Christian sources in Normandy used both Latin and Norse vocabulary to name the ships, only referring to a more conceptual relationship to the world.

Auger, Barbara. Ingold, Tim. The Perception of the Environment. Jesch, Judith. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Wasburn, Dorothy. Runes in space: Reading a runic inscription over multiple surfaces Project Presentation.

The typical runic monument in Viking Age Scandinavia consists of one stone, inscribed on one surface. There are, however, a relatively small number of monuments roughly 50—60 where several stones are inscribed in order to form one coherent monument. Related to that practice, sponsors of runic monuments sometimes chose to have inscriptions over more than one surface of a standing stone.

These inscriptions can either be basically identical to one another, stating the same thing over again, or they can vary. The names of the sponsors may change, or the name of the person s commemorated. In such cases, each surface or stone may be read separately, and the reading order does not appear to be important. In other cases, the linguistic message of the inscriptions carries over from on surface to the next, meaning that the reader needs to start at one specific point in order for the monument to make sense.

From to , I will conduct a research project on these multiple inscription monuments, aiming to understand their distribution and discuss what demands they make on their audience, and how the layout and the language of the inscriptions help guide the reader through the text. Choosing to make a runic monument with several inscribed surfaces seems to signal wealth and social status, not only through the added effort on the side of the sponsors, but also through the added effort required of the readers.

While all runestones change the space around them, I would argue that multiple inscription monuments do so to a larger extent. The reader is either asked to move around the stone s to read a longer message or is subjected to the same message many times in a row.

This paper will introduce my research project and focus on the theory and method of the project. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that he also had oral information, there is no strong reason to assume this; his changes of Morkinskinna can be explained as the result of his own invention. Finally, I shall address the question of the attitude to Haraldr in the two sagas. Morkinskinna contains a number of stories about Haraldr which give different impressions of him.

Does the author have any general interpretation of his character and reign, or is he simply collecting the available information? Genealogical Space? What makes genealogy so interesting in this regard? The selection in itself, however, reveals an interest in geography and geographical as well as mythological and theological spatial ideas and concepts. Additionally, his impact is distinctly traceable elsewhere: Haukr and his family appear in various genealogies of the manuscript.

Previous research has broadly shown that by these means he is linked to a most formidable ancestry. But Haukr becomes connected to various places, too. The mentioned places are often symbolically loaded and thereby of importance and prominence in the Northern European learned tradition of the High Middle Ages. While the saga provides a wealth of information concerning distribution through diverse modes of transfer such as commerce, gifts, raids, inheritance, etc. It can be suggested that, on a general level, such difference in attention derives from the nature of the source, as distribution had a much more direct political meaning for the medieval audience than production and consumption and is therefore overrepresented in a clearly political saga.

Moreover, the modes of transfer appear intimately linked with specific spatial contexts and organised in identifiable patterns. By contrast, the relatively sparse references to production and consumption do not reveal immediately identifiable regularities. However, our first hypothesis is that certain contexts make production and consumption crucial to understand the ideological stance upheld by the saga, and that such contexts can be defined spatially. On the one hand, the process of settlement in Iceland and the productive activities associated with it, such as the building and management of farmsteads play a very prominent role in Egla.

On the other hand, the consumption of basic goods and services food, drink and lodging often provides the narrative stage for scenes of highly loaded drama. In such contexts, we can hypothesize that the enhanced consumption of goods breaks routine and creates a defined and tense space of high sociability, which sets the stage for the negotiation and redefinition of social and political relationships.

Therefore, both production and consumption appear as less predictable and as more individually meaningful than distribution, but seem to be equally influenced by spatial considerations. Egils saga. Callow, Chris. Durrenberger, Edward Paul. Sverrir Jakobsson. Torfi Tulinius. In this project presentation, I would like to discuss some of the ideas, conceptions and methods that constitute the core of my planned Ph.

Ashurst, David. Hagland Trondheim: Senter for middelalderstudier , pp. The collocation seems to be justified by the phenomenon that heroic names often do not correspond exactly to their equivalents in a different language Heusler Heusler, Andreas. Marold, Edith. Zum Bandle et al. Francke , pp. Nedoma, Robert. Internationales Symposium vom Naumann Berlin, New York: de Gruyter , pp. Wagner, Norbert. Neue Untersuchungen zu Runeninschriften, ed. The aim of this paper is to present some methodological reflections on the study of religious continuity in the Christianisation of the North, taking the notion of discourse as a key concept.

I elaborate on the discursive perspective by explicating its theoretical foundation, namely that the production of meaning inevitably takes place within and therefore is constrained by the discourses that one is embedded in.

In the second part of the paper, I apply these methodological reflections in a case study on continuity in the perception of gods in the transition to Christianity, using a combination of contemporary and medieval sources. Howarth, David. Discourse Maidenhead: Open University Press. Tveito, Olav. In early medieval Scandinavia, raiders, traders and settlers carried Scandinavian cultural elements across Europe. The eleventh century was a critical period during which these processes and contacts burgeoned and for which the quality of written evidence improves, so that it becomes possible to identify travellers to and from Scandinavia Abrams, This paper will explore what the movements of individuals and groups within specific networks can tell us about the nature and extent of cultural transfer in Scandinavia in the second half of eleventh century.

The turbulent politics and chaotic events in England during this period had repercussions well beyond the British Isles. For example, the Norman Conquest created an immediate movement of people from England to the neighbouring countries. In Denmark and Norway, where significant contacts and relations already existed, it may be argued that the number of exiles was significant and that their presence may have had an impact on developments already under way Bandlien, This paper will demonstrate how careful examination and combination of the evidence written sources, manuscript fragments, archaeology it is possible to extend our knowledge of the networks that enabled these developments.

The sources for Christianisation and state formation in Scandinavia are diverse and complicated but do show English influence from the earliest phases of the process continuing into the establishment of political and ecclesiastical infrastructures and institutions. Scholarship has often focused on the late tenth to the first half of the eleventh century, and the question of English influence on the Scandinavian Churches in the later phases of Christianisation has rarely been discussed outside regional or national studies.

Abrams, Lesley. Brink and N. Price New York; London: Routledge, , pp. This, at least, is the impression given in medieval Icelandic sagas. People may also hunt bears, deer, walruses, seals, whales, and birds that swim. In anthropological terms, these animals are taboo. Food still holds symbolic meaning, but this arises from geographically determined ecological restraints and opportunities.

They were both domesticated for practical reasons and are depicted in the sagas as companion animals that reached states analogous to fostered kinship. This paper will also explore how food taboos are part of an elaborate intellectual structure in medieval Scandinavia. The projection of human characteristics onto different animal species provided a natural model of differentiation for people to create distinctions among themselves.

This classification of species and people is inextricably linked to food taboos; when it comes to animals, eating and thinking are mutually inclusive.

Keyser and P. Munch, ed. Douglas, Mary. Odense: Odense UP, Harris, Marvin. Tambiah, S. But as he was leaving his home, his horse stumbles and thus Gunnar looks back and sees his farm and fields. His vision stirs up his feelings and he rides back home, to his enemies and ultimately his death. Contrary to common belief, there seems to be numerous descriptions of nature in the Old Icelandic texts e. The main goal of this project is to compile, categorize and analyze the descriptions found in the texts that describe: nature and landscape, agriculture, forests and trees, man’s impact on nature and natural hazards.

This categorization could shed light on the following questions: how often nature is described with feelings? How many descriptions of gardening there are? How were roads built? Did the medieval people change riverbeds and what were the effects of landslide or avalanches on people? In the end we will, most likely, be able to answer, some of the most important questions regarding this project; Are there descriptions of nature to be found in the Icelandic medieval texts? How many are they?

And what do they describe? However most scholars today can agree that they can be used as sources to explain the ethos views, beliefs and ideology during the time when they were written, and by some extent the decades or even centuries before. In the presentation I will discuss this new approach in researching the Icelandic medieval texts, give examples of descriptions from them and analyze if and how, they can shed a new or different light, on how medieval Nordic people experienced, perceived and utilized nature.

The Scandinavian provincial laws are the most important source we have for reconstructing our early medieval society — It is well known that lawmaking was inseparable from kingship in England and on the continent and, therefore, there has been a predominant tendency to see medieval laws in Scandinavia in a regal context, and the laws themselves are seen as reflecting the societal situation when they were written down.

It was obvious to learned Icelanders that literacy was going to be important in the reproduction of legal culture, something which is stressed by the author of The First Grammatical Treatise. When this writing down of laws took place in Iceland, there must therefore have been an extensive body of laws readily available to the men entrusted with the task of writing a law book.

This law was collected and written in the late thirteenth century and ratified in by King Birger. We are fairly sure that the person who ordered this law to be written down was the archbishop in Uppsala, Olof. The paper attempts to show that such laws were not inventions of any one person or group in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, and that they cannot only be mirroring the time in which they were written down.

Rather there are complex layers in the versions of these laws that we have. Brink, Stefan, Brink and L. Collinson Acta Scandinavia 3 Turnhout: Brepols , pp. Taboo is a loanword of Polynesian origin that quickly spread through the Western world from the late 18th century onwards. While originally viewed as a Polynesian curiosity, taboo is now considered a universal concept Buckser, Seibel rightfully points out that the word taboo only spread through the Western world as fast as it did because it referred to something that, at least in principal, was already known, i.

Social categories entail restrictions on behaviour motivated by a similar underlying notion. In this paper I shall discuss how taboo phenomena naturally surface in established and emerging orders through processes of selection and exclusion Waldenfels, ch.

I shall also investigate how space, in both a concrete and a metaphorical sense, is a factor in as well as a result of ordering processes. Buckser, Andrew S. Seibel, Karin. Waldenfels, Bernhard. Order in the Twilight, trans. David J. Parent Athens: Ohio University Press. This type of character usually encroaches on the space of other individuals, be that the literal space occupied by their land, or the metaphorical extent of their honour.

Later in the saga Eyrbyggja saga, ch. Eyrbyggja saga. There is agreement among scholars that the medieval West systematised time in various ways, which had been inherited from the Middle East in the previous millennia e. Gurevich, ; Le Goff, ; Higgins, On the other hand, scholars have often neglected the dynamism characterising such a complex system of time structures. Influential works from the late s concerned with medieval time promoted a dichotomous approach to the issue, while fostering the opposition of a ‘Christian line’ vs.

Cullmann, 51; Eliade, In subsequent decades time has been analysed in similar binary terms as being, for instance, learned or secular, sacred or daily, subjective or objective matter.

Despite constituting a good starting point, a methodology as such does not render justice to the coexistence and interaction of multiple time structures in the Middle Ages. In the present paper a more holistic approach is proposed. An analysis of the relationship that exists between time and narrative will be accompanied by the contemplation of time as a social and philosophical concern, while paying special attention to its connections with power and space.

The investigation constitutes the object of an ongoing research project on the representation and understanding of time as they are shaped in these distinctive texts. Cullmann, Oscar. Floyd V. Filson London: Westminster Press. Eliade, Mircea. The Myth of the Eternal Return, trans. Willard R. Trask Princeton: Princeton UP.

Gurevich, Aron J. Campbell London: Routledge , pp. Higgins, Anne. Le Goff, Jacques. Julia Barrow Oxford: Blackwell , pp. Journeys were undertaken for specific purposes, unlike some kinds of leisure travel in the modern world, nor were they without risk, especially if they involved entry into foreign territories, whether for diplomacy, trade or warfare. Journeys were also a means of acquiring knowledge of various kinds for those who undertook them and held out the possibility of enhanced reputation at home if the traveller returned having achieved his objectives.

Both of these works might be expected to interest the Icelanders in the thirteenth century. Josephus’s descriptions of the ruthless ambition, cruelty and deceit which flourished in Palestine in the time of Christ are not unlike passages in Sturlunga Saga. In this paper I seek to explore Brandr’s overwhelmingly positive attitude towards the Jews, expressed during a century in which such opinions were certainly unusual, if not controversial.

Or is there something more profound in the recourse of certain Christian thinkers to Jews as symbols, flattering or otherwise? Art and Ethics in Hrafnkel’s Saga.

Copenhagen: Munksgaard Kirby, Ian. Bible Translation in Old Norse. Geneva: Librairie Droz Nietzsche, Friedrich. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Part 3. Wolf, Kirsten. I have been working for some years on an interactive database of churches and ecclesiastical culture in Medieval Iceland, which can be viewed at www.

The site maps churches and their contents, as listed in episcopal inventories, according to the date of the document in which the information was recorded. It is thus possible to follow the development of church property whether manuscripts, liturgical objects, lands, or livestock and rights such as rights to driftwood with the passage of time.

Of special interest for this conference are the numerous books listed in the inventories, in particular those identified as being of foreign origin. I will examine where such volumes are found, and compare them to other items known to be imported, such as alabaster altarpieces or altarcloths made of foreign fabrics such information is often part of the description in the inventory.

A careful consideration of the proximity of such churches to ports, of the chieftains and clerics associated with them, and of the wealth and interrelations of the churches themselves, may help explain this skewed distribution. If possible, I will compare the medieval results with those of the early years of the Reformation.

Cormack, Margaret. Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture, 3 nr. This has led to a paucity of literary analysis, and most scholarship instead focuses on prospecting the saga for historical details concerning medieval Scandinavian relations with Russia. The dragons Jakulus and the dweller of the royal burial demonstrate this shift most clearly.

Discussing the stark difference in descriptions, settings, and behavior, authorial intent becomes more clear. Additionally, as L. Of particular importance in understanding this demarcation of the world are the boundaries he establishes through the use of towns, waterfalls, and the abodes of monsters, most importantly the two dragons. This functions to centralize Iceland within Christendom and Scandinavia while creating a very distinct endi heims elsewhere, moving Iceland away from its perception as Ultima Thule.

These names have also been used as evidence that berserkir in sagas had a particular status that was indicated by their names. The extent to which the names ascribed to berserkir were in common usage within the broader scope of Nordic society in the Viking Age and medieval period has been little analysed previously and not at all in connection with naming patterns of berserkir. Therefore, the discussion encompasses names of individuals that are recorded in Old Norse literature, and in Viking Age and medieval Scandinavian society.

By comparing the names of berserkir and more general usage of those names this paper provides a solid evidence base for further analysis of onomastic patterns related to berserkir, questions previous conclusions, and seeks to show that, as a generic trend, the names ascribed to berserkir are not necessarily indicative of negative characteristics or group naming traditions, while allowing for some intentional naming practices within individual sagas.

Breen, Gerard. Ellis Davidson, Hilda, ed. The swirling sea as sacred space? Numerous contemporary video games incorporate references to Norse myths. From a broader theoretical point of view, this case study will help to understand how each new use of a mythical element gets its meaning at the same time from a reference to past occurrences and the way it is transformed during an historical process in order to match the relevance of a situation in its context.

In Age of Conan, references to Norse myths appear in various ways, such as playable characters, place names, monsters, quests, seasonal events, just to name a few examples, in order to contribute to the game as a whole and this process also shows the multiple sources that are involved in building the game.

This case study will also help to understand the place of Nordic resources in the game in relation to other traditional cultural elements. The methodology used is mainly based on participant observation and content analysis from various sources in order to understand how the relation between the various media are built. Blumenberg, Hans. Arbeit am Mythos Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Brainbridge, William Sims. Goffman, Erving. Interaction Ritual.

Klastrup, Lisbeth, Tosca, Susanna. Krzywinska, E. Wolf, Mark J. Building Imaginary Worlds. Between and a plethora of images filled the pages of Helgafell’s rich literary culture.

In my paper I intend to present the core elements of my PhD research concerning the origins of this artistic surge. By working interdisciplinary with philological and art historical methods and sources, I will try to demonstrate under which circumstances the Helgafell manuscripts and fragments were produced and why they were produced in such a professional manner.

To give a broader cultural scale to my research, an overview of the activity at the Helgafell monastery will be given and the contact of the writers and illuminators to other ecclesiastical and secular institutions presented.

This is particularly important as barely any written material has ever been pictured in the medieval Icelandic literature before. The paper will search for rules and methods behind the specific use of illuminations in relation to the texts they initiate. Pfister Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft , pp.

Inseln im Westen. Bereits seit dem So near and yet so far: Political geographies in the time of Knut and St Olaf. This paper proposes to illuminate the nature and extent of Scandinavian contact with Scotland and Ireland in the eleventh century, particularly those regions which had previously undergone Viking settlement.

The dramatic nature of this takeover, however, should not overshadow the complex web of networks and alliances spanning northern Europe.

Conflict and tensions between Denmark and Norway would have played out in Norse colonies of the British Isles as well as in Scandinavia, with Olaf trying to expand his influence and control. In this period, these colonies had many conflicting loyalties and influences.

Knut had begun to infringe on Celtic regions: like other powerful kings of England he may have been recognised as overlord by the Welsh, Scots and even perhaps by some of the Irish. He thereby altered the landscape of Scandinavian presence in the British Isles. Sihtric Silkbeard, king of Dublin, aped Knut’s coinage and may have witnessed three of his charters.

Bolton, Timothy. Hudson, Benjamin. Eriksen, University of Oslo, Norway Mediality. A main concern of the humanities is to understand the ways selves create, and relate to, their world and history.

These questions have been a focus of vigorous discussion in the field of medieval studies, where the accepted contention promotes the complexities of the self and its perpetual dynamic interplay with and within a variety of social spaces. This project will contribute to the discussion by studying Old Norse literature, which has not been exploited sufficiently to elucidate the topic, despite its great potential. The project presentations at the Sixteenth International Saga Conference will be structured around and include short presentations of 1 the main questions of the project seen against the background of studies of the self in general; 2 the theoretical premises of the project; and 3 the method as suggested above.

My aim is to inspire theoretical and methodlogical discussions which may be relevant for the study of the self based on various material. Domestic animals were incredibly important in medieval Iceland. Living in close proximity to their livestock and with a heavy reliance on them for survival, perhaps it is to be expected that the sagas as products of the medieval Icelandic imagination , might reflect a special opportunity to examine the cultural perception of these relationships.

The purpose of my ongoing PhD project is to examine this relationship, especially in relation to the human household sphere, within an interdisciplinary methodology drawing on literary, documentary and archaeological sources and approaches. The scholarship on Norse notions of gender has grown exponentially over the last three decades.

Like these two books, much of the work in this field has focused on women and on formations of femaleness e. Where it has been addressed, it has often been aberrant, marginal, or otherwise fraught e. Relatively little research effort, however, has been devoted to investigating more quotidian images and roles of normative masculinity in the medieval Norse world, neither especially distressed nor particularly heroic cf.

Falk My paper begins to address this lacuna by taking seriously the premise that one is not born, but rather becomes, a man with apologies to Simone de Beauvoir. Examining saga accounts of boys — from male babies and young children to adolescents on the cusp of manhood — gives us glimpses of how Norsemen perceived this process of becoming, the normative infrastructure upon which heroic and other superstructures might be erected.

What sort of education and training did boys receive to prepare them for fulfilling adult roles later in life? And how did grown men and women treat their sons, nephews, grandsons, and other youngsters they found underfoot? Narratives of competition, hostility, gentleness and supervision reveal Norse patterns of rearing boys into men. Falk, Oren. Gade, Kari Ellen Hadley, Dawn. Hiltmann, Heiko.

Women in the Viking Age Woodbridge: Boydell. Jochens, Jenny, Layher, William. Sara S. Poor and Jana K. The Unmanly Man, trans. Phelpstead, Carl. Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. This paper proposes that Bjarnar saga also makes deliberate reference to the antique context of the Hildebrand legend, and that the word kappi signals this allusion.

Dronke, Ursula. Dronke et al. Odense: Odense University Press , pp. The remaining 48 stanzas present an inventory of information about mythology. The survival of oral poetry is dependent on uses and users who also construct its value and meanings. The present paper considers the interest and relevance of such a poetic inventory of imaginal places in this poem to communities of users: Who would care about performing such a text, who would listen, who would learn it for reperformance, and why? The topographical index will be compared to other ordered and unordered lists of mythic knowledge attested in eddic poetry.

It cannot be unequivocally demonstrated that such a survey of mythic topography stems from the milieu of living vernacular religious practice, but it is possible to consider implications of this poetic topography conditional on that hypothesis. This suggests that the locations presumably those named held significance and relevance as mythic knowledge with some form of application. It also suggests that knowledge of such locations in this form interfaced with models of knowledge about the order of the cosmos.

The numerical ordering of places without specifying their relations to one another will be compared to different models of constructing mythic topography in relation to associated technologies of magical and ritual practices. Fox, James J. Tarkka, Lotte. We will analyse which are the analogies that maintain all the elements in the heterotopic space of the poem. From this point of view, we will see if the language and the structure of the poem change through the different spaces, how actions take place and where are the thresholds that give way to the spaces evoked.

Finally we will establish the possible relationships between the different spaces mentioned in the poem and its performance.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. Volume I: The Myths. Odense: Odense UP , pp. Foucault, Michel. McKinnell, John. Zumthor, Paul, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. For a long time the area of Poland has been largely disregarded in major studies on the Viking Age and only recently scholars have begun to pay closer attention to the complex interactions between the Norse and West Slavic societies.

Over the last decade or so various aspects of these interactions have been studied by historians and archaeologists. So far, however, considerably less attention has been devoted to the beliefs of the Norsemen who ventured to the southern coasts of the Baltic Sea.

This paper will seek to cast some new light on these notions. In order to explore the beliefs of the Norsemen outside their homelands, spotlight will be placed on the types, roles and functions of Viking Age amulets discovered in various localities in the area of Poland i. In addition, the paper will also seek to present these finds in a wider context of ongoing debates on the roles of Scandinavian immigrants in Central Europe.

Viking Age amulets have been found in several localities in the area of Poland. Most of them are known from Wolin and Truso, but some amulets have also been discovered in other places e. Based on their material iron, silver, amber , method of manufacture forging, casting , ornamentation and chronology they can be divided into a range of types.

There are also other very unique finds. In this paper the amulets the will be discussed with regard to their meaning content, but special attention will also be focused on their spatial location within the archaeological sites. Scandinavian Amulets in Viking Age Poland. Collectio Archaeologica Ressoviensis vol.

Eriksen, U. Pedersen, B. Rundberget, I. Axelsen, H. Berg, Oxford Oxbow Books , pp. Morawiec, Jakub. Vikings among the Slavs. Jomsborg and the Jomsvikings in Old Norse Tradition. Studia Medievalia Septentrionalia Vol.

Wien Fassbaender. Selection of Viking Age amulets from Poland a. The biography of the missionary Anskar d. In the preparation of a new critical edition of the text the first since that of Waitz for the Monumenta Germaniae historica in I have been examining the manuscripts of the Life of Anskar. I , produced in Bremen sometime not long before Many of these manuscripts were unknown to or neglected by earlier editors of the Life of Anskar. In one case we have the description of the actual event and in the other we have the remains, and in this paper I intend to compare and analyse these admittedly quite different accounts and attempt to reconstruct and flesh out the possible performances that may have taken place.

By applying performance analysis I hope to shed some light on the theatres of death constructed on these two riverbanks, separated by vast distances and almost a hundred years. I will be looking at how different spaces may have been employed during those performances and movement between them, how the performances may have unfolded and different aspects of them, the effect of sounds, and smell.

I will also be looking at different players and what roles they may have played througout the performances. In the end I hope to bring these performances, long since past, briefly back to life again.

Montgomery, James E. By looking at such local features we may perhaps better illuminate the domestic role of storytelling in the culture when and perhaps where the sagas were written.

The images helped to differentiate between areas as geographical objects and assisted in defining the direction. Spatial layout of the trip from Scandinavia to Indialand i. There was certainly a necessity to attract additional sources to describe this area. Most probably the author relied upon oral evidence of those informants presumably merchants who had either passed this way themselves or heard people travel there.

B, vol. But were the fights mere literary motifs? Would the protagonists have come together — and come to blows — regardless? In choosing sporting contests as foci for certain kinds of social interaction, saga authors assume the familiarity of their audience with such events and interactions. But how common were they, and, more importantly, where were they? In my dissertation I examine the geographical locations of a variety of types of sports described in the sagas.

I try to determine if they were regular events at particular locations, and how those locations were determined. Did trials of strength occur where a group just happened to come together? What was the status of the persons involved? What light to these details throw on the literary roles of such contests? On the social realities of medieval Iceland? I have created a database which allows me to map and approximately date saga accounts of sporting events. I am working with Dr. Lethbridge and Prof.

Cormack to produce an interactive map illustrating this material, to see if correlations exist between sport events and other activities, or if any other spatial aspects appear, for example one type of activity being more prominent in one part of the country. In the 15th century, book production changed. Fewer large books were produced and the manuscripts became less splendid, and some scholars have said that the parchment became thicker and stiffer.

Smaller books also resulted in changes to the dimensions and layout of the manuscripts. Fewer manuscripts with two columns were produced and the width of the manuscripts compared to the height became proportionally greater than before. The handwriting changed around and then stagnated for more than a century. Sometimes the black death is blamed for this change, but the plague — or a similar epidemic — hit Iceland in —04, more than 50 years after it did in neighboring countries.

It is difficult to maintain that one event could change so much, but on the other hand we have to remember that around one third or up to half of the population died in the epidemic, and many traditions and knowledge could easily have disappeared. It is therefore possible the knowledge of how to make good parchment perished along with so many people.

This lecture will give an overview of these manuscript developments — supported by statistics on the number of manuscripts and their size measured in both the number of leaves and in their dimensions. Yet, the study of whaling in Old Norse literature remains in its infancy.

With some scholars as Szabo and Haine bringing more attention to the subject. The two main questions I expect to answer in this paper are: 1 Based on historical evidence, were the fishing and whaling feuds portrayed in sagas close to reality, at least according to the laws and diplomas? As a final note I would like to add that I am aware that whales are not fish, but mammals, but my title selection is according to the beliefs of that time, not to our modern knowledge.

Vol 1. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg; Vol 2. Szabo, Vicki. His statement is significant for what it might tell us about how medieval people in northern Europe viewed the relationship between their languages. It will also draw on some of my own PhD research into purported English loanwords in Old Norse and how these findings might contribute to the debate over mutual intelligibility that has remained remarkably underdeveloped for over a decade Townend, Encomium Emmae Reginae, cited from Simon Keynes, ed.

Encomium Emmae Reginae. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Hagland, Jan Ragnar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America, Townend, Matthew. Turnhout: Brepols. In a sense, one can view the public performances of these Gothic works as a form of public ritual designed to enhance the image of the kings in question.

Loth, Agnete, ed. Late Medieval Icelandic Romances. In my paper I will present an ongoing research project based at the Reykjavik Academy. At the same time, Icelandic scholars enjoyed extensive collaboration with their foreign colleagues, and the nature of this collaboration and the context in which it took place will be the subject of particular attention.

Our research is expected to provide valuable insights into the formation of Icelandic identity in a period of ideological ferment, and to have significance for the field of cultural history generally.

Results will mainly be published in English. The project is funded by The Icelandic Research Fund. It began in June and is scheduled to run for three years. Project leaders are Clarence E. Glad and Gylfi Gunnlaugsson at the Reykjavik Academy. Other participants are M. Despite slightly changing the events between different versions, the main plot is quite clear: feuding started because of a putative love affair.

In this presentation, the main question will be based on the relationship among family members. The cases of loyality and feuding were the most important focusing points of many recent scholarly works, considering the textual differences, or the fixed roles of the characters.

As well as in other family sagas, the feuding between two groups gives the essence of the plot, but in this case we should pay attention to an important circumstance, namely, that the characters belong to the same family, and some of them are connected in a kind of brotherhood.

Therefore the question of loyalty gives us different layers that we have to deal with. But the relationship between men is somewhat complicated because of the family ties. Taking these and other evidences into consideration it seems that the categorization of the characters by loyality is hardly possible. Therefore I would like to focus my research on the level of activity and passivity of the characters. Just as other female characters in different sagas, her role seems to be passive.

However, she has a great influence on the actions. London: Penguin Books pp. Ahola, Jonas. Outlawry in the Icelandic Family Sagas. Helsinki: U of Helsinki.

Anderson, Caroline. Anderson and K. Swenson New York and London: Routledge , pp. Durrenberger, E. The Dynamics of Medieval Iceland.

Political Economy and Literature. Ithaca: Iowa UP. Lethbridge, Emily. Quinn and E. Hamer , passim examined further the consistent moralising in Equitan and compared this strengleikr thematically with the moralising in the Norwegian Prologue; that paper also looked at examples of moralising in the translations of Guigemar and Bisclavret. What is now needed is an examination of all the Strengleikar, in order to assess the extent to which the whole collection can be said to be moralised: the present paper is a first attempt to address this issue.

The lai Le Fresne is the story of a woman who is abandoned by her mother at birth, and again by her lover, who intends to marry her twin sister. The apparently happy ending of Le Fresne provides only an uneasy resolution of questions concerning loyalty and truth that are raised by the lai.

Cook, Robert, and Mattias Tveitane, eds. Hamer, Andrew. Meissner, Rudolf. Die Strengleikar. Ein beitrag zur geschichte der altnordischen prosaliteratur Halle a. Scribes over the Ocean. These have been the subject of considerable scholarly discussion. Seip , took them as evidence showing that Icelandic scribes had copied texts from Norwegian exemplars, a view that was rejected by Kuhn and others. These Norwegian traits in Icelandic manuscripts have naturally been associated with increased Norwegian cultural and political influence in Iceland in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Moreover, their disappearance around coincides with dwindling Norwegian influence in Iceland. In this paper it will be argued that while practically all Norwegian traits of linguistic nature apart from some lexical borrowings seem to have disappeared without permanent trace in the Icelandic language, Norwegian script and scribal practice had a profound impact in Iceland in the 13th and 14th century. These are found already in the earliest attested Norwegian script, but they are absent from Icelandic script at the very earliest stage.

Their introduction is almost certainly due to Norwegian influence. Norwegian influence on the Icelandic script, it will be argued, was both more extensive and longer lasting than Norwegian linguistic influence in Iceland. In the 13th century, the culture of scribes, script and book making in Iceland and Norway became more interconnected than before with Norwegian scribes working in Iceland as well as Icelandic scribes working in Norway Hagland , Rindal Norwegian trends in script could thus become prevalent in the scribal community in Iceland.

By contrast, the linguistic society at large was not susceptible to Norwegian linguistic influence to the same degree. It will be argued that while a significant portion, perhaps even the vast majority, of scribes in Iceland were under the influence of Norwegian scribal culture, Norwegian linguistic influence affected only a small subset of the speakers of Icelandic.

Consequently, Norwegian linguistic influence in Iceland was only shallow and transient, while Norwegian script had a lasting impact. Manuscripta Islandica 4. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard. Kjartan Ottosson. West Nordic Standardisation and Variation. Papers from a Symposium in Stockholm, October 7th , ed. Kuhn, Hans. Acta Philologica Scandinavica, 65— Rindal, Magnus.

Seip, Didrik Arup. The great majority of narrative texts contain descriptions of movement in space and time. In fact, the categories of space and time seem to be part and parcel of philosophical investigations since antiquity, by writers as diverse as Marcus Terentius Varro in his De lingua Latina 5. Strawson in his influential book Individuals , in which he argues that the structure of our thoughts are basically spatiotemporal.

The aim of the present paper is to look into the linguistic encoding of space and time in a limited corpus of Old Norwegian narrative texts. The paper is based on the hypothesis that spatiotemporal movement will be encoded lexically primarily in a number of verbs, verbal particles, adverbs and prepositions, and secondarily in nouns and adjectives. In a dependency analysis, they will thus be analysed as obliques, which along with subjects and objects form the nucleus of the predication.

This is exemplified in the syntactic tree below. The corpus for the present investigation will be a small selection of lais in the Old Norwegian Strengleikar manuscript Upps DG 4—7, ca. Strawson, Peter F. De lingua Latina, Vol. Roland G. Loeb Classical Library, vol. Revised The fragmentary 15th century Prose Edda manuscript AM 4to is a descendant, probably a direct copy, of the 14th century Codex Wormianus.

Since is not an independent witness to the text of the Edda, it has been little studied. By comparing the entire text of with that of Codex Wormianus, I have compiled a list of deviations. Nevertheless, the number of deviations is by no means insignificant. It is interesting to compare the text of with that of other medieval Edda manuscripts principally Codex Regius, Codex Trajectinus and Codex Upsaliensis. There are occasional readings where agrees with Regius, Trajectinus or Upsaliensis against Wormianus.

Most such readings are easily explained as coincidences. There are, as I will show, strong reasons to think that the scribe of did not have access to any copy of the Edda except Codex Wormianus. The study of gives us some idea of how many errors can be expected even in a faithful copy. I will argue that this can provide a valuable baseline for work on the relationship between other Edda manuscripts. In the saga the author engages with older narratives and produced a new work which resonated with the Icelandic ruling class, which at this time looked to the Norwegian crown for their authority but found themselves increasingly distant from the centre of power.

The paper will focus on the most extensive of all the conversion narratives presented in the saga, that of Iceland. In the saga the author gives Iceland an independent Christian history stretching back to the settlement.

The trope of independent conversion is familiar from earlier conversion narratives. However this is commonly interpreted as a reaction to increasing Norwegian encroachment on Icelandic independence in the thirteenth century. Here it will be shown that independent conversion continued to be deeply significant for a fourteenth century audience. It was only during the past few years that the topic of liminality has received considerable interest within medieval Scandinavian studies.

It can be observed, however, that what is termed liminal does not always adhere to the original idea and content of the concept as established and defined by van Gennep and Turner. Facing intricate difficulties when applying liminality to Old Norse material is not surprising for two main reasons: firstly, the evasiveness of the phenomenon per se; and secondly, the application of a rather modern anthropological concept to medieval, fictional literature.

This does not mean, however, that the notion of liminality could not be a beneficial tool in Old Norse literary studies. The question of which places could be called liminal in these sagas is interesting because neither van Gennep nor Turner offer help in this regard as they do not promote any specific place as inherently liminal.

They exclusively consider liminality as a distinct and vital phase in social life, which brings about some kind of transformation. Such constellations confront us with a chicken and egg situation, namely whether it is the liminal experience that makes the place liminal or — vice versa — the place that makes the event liminal.

In this regard, the paper hopes to shed light on questions such as: What qualities have these spaces or rather what qualities do they need to have in order to be feature in a liminal situation? Can the spaces found then be called liminal? Are they genuinely liminal or only during certain time periods? Today, we find the Welsh in a part of Britain, the Walloons in a part of Belgium, and the Vallachians in a part of Romania.

In German we can find similarly named people in the West of Switzerland or the South of Tyrol; in Polish they even inhabit the whole of Italy. In Old Norse the corresponding ethnonym is Valir pl. Those were living terms, at least in Iceland, until the early 13th century; in younger texts their use suggests older models.

The Walloons would definitely be Valir, together with at least some of their neighbours. But which neighbours? The handbooks tend to opt for either of two extremes. Some want to restrict the Valir to the north coast of France, especially Normandy, including the Normans ruling England after the conquest. Others have them include the speakers of any Romance language, or at least the French and Italians.

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