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Sowing is the single field operation. Terminals setup Layout of the system-side connectors and the connectors on the electronic control unit.❿
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Windows 10 1703 download iso italiano inglese fuelman
Hariharan Dr. Hariharan Spoken English – A manual of Speeach and Phonetics Business Correspondence and Report Writing Technical Communication Principles and Practice 2nd Ed. Bansal, J. Hariharan R. Shrinivasan T. Pathak, Vijayalakshmi Naidu B. Pathak, Vijayalakshmi Naidu Ghan, S. Dharmadhikari Ghan, S. Fernandes Errol Capt. T Ex- Cadets Association D. I Mumbai Cadets. Reader’s Digest. I ClassNK. O Xerox copy from D. D Smith, H.
K By Director M. E Joseph cyrel Babr J. Mehta, V. Sedha, R. S Sedha, R. I Mumbai X Batch M. JOG, N. Gill, Paul W and Smith,j. DHAR, J. Combined by Slow S. Dhar Combined by Slow S. Chanakya T. C Sharma, M. Neti Handout Complited by Mr. Neti Dr. Sharma Mr. Need for timeliness of operation and increased capacity, has led to higher speeds and bigger and heavier machines. The operation of these machines increases workload on the operators as well as occupational hazards and diseases that impair the performance of the operator.
In farm works, the fatigue and discomfort to which human beings are subjected is not only due to physical labour, but to vibration and noise as well Huang and Suggs, Exposure to whole body vibration causes a complex distribution of oscillatory motions and forces within the human body for a power tiller with seating attachment.
The low frequency ride vibrations to which the operator is subjected results from both linear displacement of the power tiller and rotational oscillations of the pitch and roll modes Mehta et al.
Exposure to the whole body can either cause permanent physical damage, or disturb the nervous system. The four principal effects of ride vibrations are considered to be i degraded health, ii Fig.
Review of Literature Higher vibration in the vertical and longitudinal directions resulted in an increased ventilation rate Huang and Suggs, Liljedahl et al.
Vladimirov et al. Three passes in two types of terrain straw stubble and farm road were made and vibrations were measured in three directions on the cab seat and on the tractor chassis.
Spectral densities of vertical vibrations and the correlation functions showed that the driving speed and the weight of the trailer played the key role in seat vibrations. They reported that there was an increase in acceleration with forward speed. Mehta et al. The overall ride vibration level SUM increased with forward speed of travel under all operating conditions. Kawakani et al. Vertical vibration had the highest acceleration level in the tractor driven on a gravel road without any implements attached, and during that ride percent of the vertical vibrations were transmitted to the seat.
Accelerations in the one-third octave band of the vertical vibrations remained under ISO exposure limit of 8 h. He reported that the SUM vibration levels increased as forward speed of travel increased under most of the operating conditions. The PULSE multi-analyzer system is a versatile, task oriented analysis system for vibration and noise analysis. It provided the platform for a range of PC-based measurement solutions.
Type C is a portable system powered by internal batteries or an external DC supply. On this base, pulse software such as data recorder type was installed.
The entire system consisted of a portable data acquisition unitfront end type , vibration and noise analysis software type , data recorder type and triaxial seat accelerometer type The power tiller was put in proper test condition before conducting the experiments, that is, in full working order with full fuel tank and radiator, without optional front weights, tire ballast and any specialized components.
Tires used for the tests were of standard size and depth of treads was not less than 70 percent of the depth of a new thread. Pneumatic wheels with recommended tyre pressure of 1. There were no known mechanical defects that would result in abnormal vibration in both power tillers. For measuring whole body vibration, a triaxial seat accelerometer. The accelerometer was placed on the operators seat at a point on the interface between the operator and his seat Lovesey, ; Mehta et al.
This point corresponds to the ischial tuberosites of the human body. A triaxial seat accelerometer contained three independent accelerometers which simultaneously measured the vibration level along three mutually perpendicular axes, viz. The views of Triaxial seat accelerometer placed on the metallic seat of power tiller and trailer seat are shown in Figs.
The experiments were conducted during rototilling with rotavator in untilled and tilled field conditions and during transport mode of power tiller with empty trailer on farm road and bitumen road. The depth of operation was maintained at a constant level of about 15 cm during rototilling.
The subjects were instructed to hold the handle grip with a light and constant compression force. The subjects were requested to keep upright posture during the whole body vibration measurement because the upper body spinal axis is aligned with the vertical vibration vector when sitting upright Wilder et al.
The natural frequency of the upright posture was greater than the equivalent natural frequency of the forward and full back postures. The higher natural frequency of the upright posture indicated that the subject was mechanically stiffer Table 2 Vibration dose value for 8 h exposure time for selected operations Forward Vibration dose volue, speed, VDV – m s Rototilling in untilled field 1.
Rototilling in tilled field 1. Transport in farm road 3. Transport in bitumen road 3. The PULSE programme was activated after the power tiller was started for the operation and the measurement was recorded with an acquisition period of 60 seconds Ying et al. Each trial was repeated five times for all operating conditions. The same procedure was repeated for all the selected subjects. T he Br it ish St a nd a rd 68 41 specifies limiting values that specify approximate indications of the likely human reactions to various magnitudes of frequency weighted r.
The overall weighted acceleration values for different operating conditions are compared with the values and the human reactions for all the power tiller operations were determined. The vibration dose value was given by the fourth root of the integral of the fourth power of the acceleration after it has been frequency weighted.
Vibration dose values for 8 hour exposure time were calculated for each selected forward speed under different operating conditions and the results were compared with the maximum recommended limit of. Results and discussion The mean values of acceleration in x, y and z direction of each subject at selected levels of forward speed for power tiller B during rototilling in an untilled field are furnished in Table 1.
There was an increase in r. It is inferred that ride vibration levels in untilled field were within the 1 to 2. The results indicated that the safe exposure limit during rototilling in untilled was h at the forward speed of 1. But further increase in forward speed from 1.
Exceeding the exposure limit will reduce the health and safety of the subject and may cause severe discomfort, pain and injury ISO, The increase in forward speed had no effect on the fatigue decreased proficiency boundary limit of The overall ride Fig.
The comfort of the subject was reduced within 16 minutes of operation for all the selected levels of forward speed. R ide v ibr at ion levels du r i ng transport on farm roads were up to 4 h fatigue decreased proficiency boundary limit at the forward speed of 3. With the increase in speed from 3. Comparison of ride vibration values between untilled and tilled showed Fig. This might be due to the more cushioning effect of the tilled soil below the wheels.
The increase in forward speed from 1. The result clearly showed the effect of terrain condition in inducing vibration Clijmans et al. Comparison of ride vibration. The increase in forward speed from 3. The acceleration values were higher in the field condition when compared to transport mode. The rotating parts within the machine and the soil roughness in combination with forward speed contribute to relatively more vibration in field conditions than during transport mode. The vector sum acceleration was compared with the limiting values prescribed in BS and the human reaction to overall weighted r.
The overall weighted r. Vibration dose values for each selected level of forward speed for different operating conditions are presented in Table 2. It is quite clear that almost all the values are within the recommended limit. The results showed that VDV increased with forward speed of travel.
The safe exposure limit was 4 to 8 h during transport on farm and bitumen roads. In general the increase in forward speed resulted in increase of whole body vibration at all conditions tested. Gakuon University, Natural Science, 24 1 Tractor and their power units, 4th Edn. Mehta, C. Tiwari, and A. Ride vibrations on a 7. Engng Res. Measurement of noise, vibration, dust and ambient conditions.
Vladimirov, V. Stancev, and S. Investigation of vibrations of tractor cab seat. Acta Technologica Agriculturae Nitra, Structural modification effects on the dynamic behaviour of an agricultural tractor. Transactions of ASAE, 41 1 : Huang, B. Tractor noise and operator performance. Transactions of the ASAE: Kawakani, K. Itou, M. Middle class tractor tested for ride vibrations on gravel road and pasture.
Journal of Rakuno. Conclusions The whole body vibration varied from 0. Abstract A large number of small and marginal farmers of Orissa, India solely depend on betelvine cultivation for their family maintenance.
It is not only a local consumable commodity but also is exported to other states of India and abroad. In addition to the medicinal value, the betel leaves also have a good nutritional value. The essential oil of the betel leaves contains around 30 different compounds.
This essential oil has high market value, which is used in the production of perfume, medicine, talc, beverages, food additives and mouthwash. Moreover, the betel vine cultivation, being labour intensive, provides employment throughout the year for cultivation, harvesting, grading, packing and marketing operations. The movement of the betel leaves starts from the growers field to the consumer point through different ways. After plucking, the leaves are washed, graded and then packed.
The manner of packing varies with the processing operation to be followed. The green leaves are directly sold to the local pan vendors in local markets or to retailers with about 2. But a greater percentage of leaves are sold to the traders who further process it to export outside the state. Processors usually take about 10 to 15 days to condition the leaves to be exported outside the state.
These leaves reach the end users after about one month. The process not only fetches a high price because of consumer preference but also increases the storability of the leaves to a noticeable extent. The traditional post harvest practice of betel leaves as followed in the state of Orissa was studied.
Introduction Betelvine, commonly known as Pan piper betle L. The betel leaf is cultivated either under forest eco-. Though betelvine was originated in Malaysia, at present it is an important cash crop in different parts of India.
In India, it is cultivated in about 55, hectares Jan. In Orissa betelvine is cultivated in an area of over 4, ha in the coastal districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Puri, Khurda, Jagatsingpur, Kendrapara, Ganjam, Gajapati, Nayagarh and small pockets in the interior of Phulbani, Bolangir and Sambalpur districts.
Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for providing financial assistance to undertake this research work. Uses of Betel Leaves Betel leaves have been in human use since the time immemorial.
In Vedas and Ayurbeda Sastra the use of Tambula has been mentioned. Betel leaf with a bit of betel nut has been used in Hindu rituals as a pious offering to God in many auspicious occasions and to elder people as a mark of respect during ceremonies.
Chewing of pan has also been said to be popular among aryas and credited with many medicinal properties as indicated in Susruta Samhita. Since then, betel leaves have occupied a magnificent place in daily life of Indian people.
In addition to the above legendary effects, the betel leaf has also the following qualities. It has stimulator y effect on heart, brain and liver.
It cleans the mouth and throat It helps in digestion by increasing salivation and neutralizes excess acid with lime. It is good for teeth as it contains chlorophyll. It is useful in catarrhal, pulmonary infections and night blindness. Fresh leaf powder is used as lotion for patients suffering from small pox and enlarged glands. It is used with honey as a remedy for cough. Betel leaf extract may be used as an antioxidant for storage of oily products such as fish, fish oil, ghee etc.
Betel leaf may be used for the manufacture of essential oil, perfume and food additives. Cultivation of betel vine is labour intensive process with pre-harvest and post-harvest operations like earthing, tying, plucking, washing, sorting, counting, grading, depetoilation arranging, bundling, packaging and transportation, which provides employment to rural people throughout the year. In Orissa the leaves are plucked at an interval of 7 to 15 days yielding, about 50 to 70 leaves per plant per year.
About seven to eight million leaves are harvested annually from one hectare of betel vine garden. These are washed thoroughly and packed in bamboo strip baskets or gunny cloth according to the prevailing tradition of the area. Packaging After sorting the leaves into different grades damaged, rotten the good quality leaves are separated, depetioled and bundled into 50 and and then packed in bamboo basTable 1 Area under betel leave cultivation in different states of India Name of the State West Bengal Assam Karnataka Tamil Nadu Orissa Andhra Pradesh Bihar Uttar Pradesh Maharastra Kerala Madhya Pradesh Others Area under cultivation, ha 18, 7, 6, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, Methodology A survey was conducted in Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Paradeep, Khurda and Ganjam districts of the state of Orissa, India, to study the traditional harvest and post harvest practices of betel leaves followed by the farmers.
Large and small-scale processors were also contacted to study the existing practices of processing. Information regarding methods used for different unit operations and problems encountered were collected through questionnaire sheets to identify the area where postharvest approach is needed. Detailed f low charts for the post-harvest practices of betel leaves followed by the farmers in the state of Orissa are given in Fig.
Harvest and Post-Harvest Operations Harvesting The leaves that are sufficiently matured are plucked along with a portion of the petiole. Leaves are plucked by hand without any aid. However, the maturity level is decided based on the consumer preferFig. Table 2 Export of betel leaves from India during Year of export Quantity, tonnes 1, Value, Thousand Rupees 8, 13, 3, 4, 6, As per the existing practice, the packaging is done in a very specific manner.
Then the basket along with the leaves is covered by a layer of gunny cloth on its top and stitched properly. When the leaves are not depetioled, the leaves are arranged so that the petioles project towards the periphery Fig. When the green betel leaves with petioles are exported to other states, ice packs ice. In one basket, 36 to 40 bundles of 50 leaves each amounting to about 1, to 2, leaves are accommodated. Sometimes bigger size baskets are used with more leaves.
During export to other states, the stitched baskets are transported either in single or with double layer of gunny cloth cover or two baskets stitched face to face with single layer of gunny cloth cover.
Transportation of bundles is carried out by trucks within the state and to outside the state through railways. Processing As show n i n t he f lowcha r t s, the movement of the betel leaves starts from the growers’ field to the consumer point through different ways.
After plucking, the leaves are washed, graded and then packed Fig. The green leaves may be directly sold to the local pan vendors in local markets or to retailers. It takes about 2 to 5 days to reach to the consumers. But a greater percentage of leaves are sold to the traders who further process it to export to outside the state.
Conditioning To preserve the delicacy of the betel leaves for many days, they are artificially ripened or bleached before transportation or storage. In the traditional method of conditioning, a small chamber called as Bhatti made up of brick and mud is used. The chambers are of various sizes ranging from 1.
The vats are usually constructed inside the house. Walls of the vat are constructed with brickwork of mud plaster some times accompanied by a layer of cow dung. The floor is also either cemented or covered by an even layer of clay and dung to make it air proof. An insulated door of 0. The door is about 15 cm larger on each side by the dimension of the door opening. Enough care is taken to make it air Fig. Inside the vat at a height of 30 cm from the ground level, bamboo racks are provided at an interval of 45 cm to 60 cm between the racks on all sides of the chamber excluding the entrance side.
After plucking from the plant, the betel leaves are sorted for damaged and diseased leaves that are discarded. After removing the petioles, the leaves are bundled into 50 to and are arranged in the baskets of uniform size. The inner side of the baskets is lined with Sal leaves or a layer of wet gunny cloth. Then leaves are arranged in the specific way as described earlier to have a cavity at the centre for proper ventilation to remove the heat of respiration.
The bundles are placed in such a manner that the front and backside of the leaves are exposed alternately. Then the baskets are covered with moist gunny cloth and arranged in the racks in order. At a given time, about 10 to 40 baskets each containing about 2, leaves can be kept in the chamber. The number varies according to the size of the chamber.
In one corner of the room a small chullah is kept in which wood charcoal is burnt during conditioning. About 2 to 3 kg of charcoal are required for one charging. After firing the movable chullah is kept at a corner away from the racks to avoid direct heat. The door is also properly covered to avoid any leakage of heat from the chamber.
After 10 to 12 hours of charging the baskets are taken out for cooling. The cooling period varies between 36 to 72 hours Fig. During the cooling period the leaves are sorted Fig. Before subjecting the baskets to a second phase of charging, the damaged or rotten leaves are discarded. Then the process is repeated until all the leaves are conditioned, i. After the second phase the amount of fuel is gradually reduced.
The requirement of fuel for obtaining the desired temperature range, as well as to achieve the final conditioned stage of betel leaves, is mainly decided through personal experience as no such rule or scientific formula exists. Temperature requirement varies with the variety and quality of leaves. During the summer season, the leaves are fully conditioned with 2 to 3 chargings. But in winter, sometimes, it requires even a 5th charging. The conditioned leaves are finally packed in bamboo baskets as described earlier to be exported to other cities.
In a chamber of 2. This method of processing of betel leaves not only enhances the taste for a particular group but also extends the storage life of the leaves about 7 to 10 days in summer and 15 to 20 days in winter. The cost of such conditioned leaves is much higher than the general unprocessed ones.
The intensity and quality of conditioning is dependent Fig. Limitations of the Traditional Processing System Labour consuming Time consuming Tedious Does not work during rainy season Marketing Around 4, hectares of land is in use for betel vine cultivation in Orissa.
Each hactare yields an average of seven to eight million leaves per year. Farmers sale their leaves with an average price of Rs. They collect leaves from different farmers and export to other parts of the country after conditioning in baskets of about 2, leaves. On an average, 2, to 3, baskets are exported out of the state daily Fig. Standardisation of different parameters of each of these processes is essential in order to reduce the losses. Following are the thrust areas on which future research may be carried out.
Development of process technology and low cost equipment for extraction of essential oil from betel leaves and petioles. Development of process technology for manufacture of mouth fresheners, perfume, talc, food additives and beverages etc. Study on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of betel leaf extract. Scientific packaging and storage of betel leaves for shelf life enhancement. It will also increase export by improving the quality as well as storability.
Dey, S. Das Mukherjee, and A. Phytochemistry of betel leaves and some aspects of storage, importance of betelvine cultivation, Lucknow, India, Jana, B. Improved technology for betel leave cultivation. A note presented in the workshop on betel leave marketing, June , Maiti, Satyabrata. Mohanty, B. Study on rapid multiplication of betel vine cutting and prolonging storage life of betel leaf.
Rayaguru K, U. Pal, M. Khan, G. Sahoo, M. Panda, and N. Post Harvest Profile of Betel Leaves. Technical Bulletin. Sankar, C. Sridevi, and M. The Andhra Agrilic. Conclusion Cultivation of this potential crop is handicapped by various constraints. No official data is available on acreage, yield and processing methods.
No systematic efforts have been made so far to improve the processing, packaging and marketing of this potential cash crop though a large number of villagers exclusively engage themselves traditionally in this cultivation.
The business is mostly carried out based on personal experience. Scientific study on the optimisation of all the above said parameters will no doubt lead to the minimisation of losses. If the. Future Research Needs on Post Harvest Technology of Betel Leaves During the rainy season, the leaf production is so high that, the leaves remain unsold or sold at a very low price. Therefore, manufacturing of essential oil, pan masala, talc, me-.
Abstract Effect of approach angle, gang width, moisture content and speed on specific draft and weeding efficiency were studied in the laboratory and field. Specific draft was lower and weeding efficiency was h ig he r for 70 approa ch a ngle sweep. The relationship between approach angle and specific draft was a polynomial and that of speed and specific draft was linear. As the moisture content increased the specific draft increased. The effect of approach angle and gang width on weeding efficiency was also significant.
Trend of specific draft and weeding efficiency in the laboratory and field was similar. From the field test, it was observed that mm gang width may be used in mm row spaced crop as it gave reasonable weeding and field efficiency with comparatively less plant damage 1. Higher weed infestation is a serious problem for growing soybean. High temperature accompanied by high humidity prevailing during the early monsoon facilitates weeds growth in the state.
It is estimated that during monsoon about 5 million-hectare are left fallow in the state due to the weed problem. A lot of work has been done to evaluate the performance of various designs of inter-cultivation tools Tewari, ; Biswas, ; Sial, ; Dransfield, Girma reported that in the ploughing process, most of the energy dissipation is a function of speed. Speed also plays an important role for dynamic stability and draft control. Some scientific approaches for design of soil working components are available Bernacki, ; Goryachkin, Power operated inter-cultivation machines are available but their expediency in narrow row spaced crop is limited.
Therefore, geometry of soil working tools suitable for narrow row spacing crop is required. Post-release update: it was recently uncovered within our development team that as of MyGeotab release 5. The expected error result for single quote usage with this change is as follows:. The new Serializer logic only accepts property names and string values in double quotes because that format is required by the RFC specification and is the only format considered to be valid JSON.
Fixed a bug that omitted the closestAssetLimit property when applying closestAssetLimit and resultsLimit together. Added the ProviderProductDescription property. This property requests the non-generic product description as described by the fuel card provider.
Removed provider-specific details from exception messages when a relation violation exception occurs. The exception types returned have not changed. Added IsHidden and IsRequired properties. Fuel transactions must be unique when comparing all fields excluding sourceData against existing transactions.
The jurisdiction is the place of residency for Customer data, maintenance hours, and other information e. This was previously inferred from the selected timezone. To maintain backwards compatibility, timezone can still be used to infer jurisdiction.
A new API was added to Drive add-ins to access the device camera to take a photo or select an exiting photo from the mobile device using api. Exception events can be deleted when new data arrives from a device that, when evaluated against the same rule conditions, invalidates the previous state of the exception.
For example, a speeding exception is generated for a street with a 40mph speed limit beside a highway. As more GPS data arrives, it becomes clear the vehicle is on the highway, not the service road, so the exception is invalidated. This is a problem for users who continuously request ExceptionEvent data because they are unaware when an exception is invalidated, and deleted at a later date. To resolve this issue, two new properties have been added to ExceptionEvent; lastModifiedDate and state.
These properties determine if the exception event is invalidated instead of deleted. This means that when a new GetFeed request is made, the user sees the updated record and can adjust their records accordingly. Invalidated exceptions will no longer be removed immediately.
NOTE: Invalidtated exceptions will not be returned by default. You must pass the search parameter includeInvalidated in the request to Get or GetFeed to return invalidated exception events. The state of these exceptions will be Invalid. New object representing the state of the exception event. Possible states are Valid and Invalid. Generator-addin updated to mock drive add-in camera API features. Group objects in some instances had color and children properties partially populated when nested in another object ex device.
This is fixed, so they are no longer populated when groups are nested in group linked entities. Added Application media file type. Added SearchArea property to allow searching for trips within a rectangular BoundingBox geographic area. DIG is our new platform for integrating custom telematics data into MyGeotab. Json instead of Newtonsoft.
This change includes backward compatibility with Newtonsoft. JSON, with the following exception: Numbers with decimals will no longer be serialized using the decimal followed by a zero, if it is a whole number.
The Nuget Package now targets. NET Standard 2. NET 5. To improve serialization and deserialization performance, the Geotab. Objectmodel Nuget Package version 5. JSON, with System. Due to the performance improvement with System. Beta support for DeviceShare functionality added. This object is used for Extendable Services billing purposes. Added Work , Rest , and WorkExemption properties. Route Completion displays the completion status of custom routes and roads to help users maintain compliance with service level agreements.
A route is completed based on the rule and conditions set by the user. Route completion exceptions represent servicing activity for a set of previously defined routes, within a service group. They can also be searched by RouteCompletion. Added FaultStates. This allows faults to represent more precise and potentially multiple fault states. In the future, FaultState will be deprecated, though still available for backwards compatibility. Describes the current FaultState when a single fault is present.
Complements the FaultStates property of FaultData. Describes the status of a fault. To comply with the GetFeed contract and avoid performance loss, fixed a bug that applies both fromDate and fromVersion when both are supplied in the API request. When fromVersion is supplied, fromVersion will be ignored. This fix may return more records when both fromDate and fromVersion are supplied with before the given dateTime is returned. Also, fixed a bug where toVersion is returned as 0, when a search returns no results.
Now, when no results are returned, ToVersion is returned as the latest Feed version. Added PassCount. The expected number of passes through the Zone. Service that are members of GroupSearch s. Only returns routes that are members of a service group hierarchy. UserSearch allows searching for drivers and users, users who are not drivers, and only users who are drivers. IsDriver will be deprecated but remain backwards compatible. Map Add-ins are now fully supported, and no longer in Feature Preview.
Click here to learn more about Map Add-ins. Click here to learn more about Storage APIs. The dates of GPS, status and fault records are compared and uses the latest recorded data point as the DateTime.
The Set method will now allow modifying a value with no groups assigned. The DutyStatusViolationSearch method can now search by user company or driver groups.
Users can now extrapolate the status date for diagnostics using the unit of measure None when Get is used with search device, diagnostic, from and to date. Added a new sample illustrating tooltip which displays the odometer, fuel level, and battery charge level if applicable of a vehicle.
This new API can be used to store images or video clips related to a device or driver. Remove the exhaust manifold cover and connect the extension to the coupling clamp for the analyser pipe. YES go to 3 3 – Connect the diagnostic tester. Check whether there are any failures.
YES go to 7 6 – Repair according to indications supplied. Activate the adjustment function. The numbers displayed can be positive or negative. To decrease the CO the injection time needs to be decreased. In case of incorrect adjustment, press OK to store the value in the control unit memory.
YES go to When the CO percentage is correct and the HC PPM value exceeds the maximum limit allowed, check: – spark plug – valve clearance – timing system phase – outlet valves for sealing When the control unit is replaced, reset TPS and pre-program the trimmer value of the original control unit if available preventively.
In any case, check the CO value again. If this occurs, carefully check the exhaust system for adequate sealing. EMS injection system This vehicle is fitted with an integrated injection and ignition system.
Injection is indirect in the manifold through an electro-injector. Injection and ignition are timed on the 4-stroke cycle using a tonne wheel pivoted on the camshaft control and a reluctance variation sensor. Combustion and ignition are managed on the basis of engine revs and throttle valve opening. Further corrections are made according to the following parameters: – Coolant temperature.
The control unit manages the Stepper motor and the injector opening time, thereby ensuring the idle steadiness and the proper combustion. In all conditions of use, mixture preparation is managed by modifying the injector opening time.
The fuel supply pressure is kept constant based on the ambient pressure. The fuel supply circuit consists of: – Fuel pump – Fuel filter – Injector – Pressure regulator The pump, the filter and the regulator are placed inside the fuel tank on a single support. The injector is connected by two pipes provided with quick couplings. This allows obtaining a continuous circulation, thereby avoiding the risk of fuel boiling. The pressure regulator is situated at the end of the circuit.
The fuel pump is controlled by the EMS control unit; this ensures the scooter safety The ignition circuit consists of: – HV coil – HV cable – Shielded cap – EMS control unit – Spark plug The EMS control unit manages the ignition with optimum timing, ensuring the timing on the 4-stroke cycle ignition only during compression. Should any input signals fail, an acceptable working order of the engine is ensured to allow the user to reach a service station. INJEC – Of course, this cannot happen when the rpm-timing signal is missing, or when the failure involves the control circuits: – Fuel pump – HV coil – Injector The control unit is provided with a self-diagnosis system connected to an indicator light in the instrument panel.
Failures are detected and restored by the diagnostic tester. In any case, when the fault is no longer present, the data storage is automatically cleared after 16 cycles of use cold start, running at regular engine temperature, stop.
The diagnostic tester is also required to adjust the idle mixture. Specific tooling Y Diagnosis Tool The EMS injection-ignition system has a control function over the rpm indicator and the radiator cooling electric fan. The EMS is connected to the anti-theft immobilizer system decoder.
In turn, the decoder is connected to a flashing diagnostic LED that also serves as deterrent. The EMS control unit power supply is further controlled by the emergency switch and by the side stand switch, that is to provide further safety for the scooter.
Precautions 1. Before fixing any part of the injection system, check to see if there are any registered faults. Do not disconnect the battery before checking for faults. The fuel supply system is pressurised at kPa 3 BAR. Before disconnecting the quick coupler of a pipe in the fuel supply system, check that there are no naked flames.
Do not smoke. Act with caution to prevent spraying in the eyes. When fixing electric components, operate with the battery connected only when actually required. When functional checks are performed, check that the battery voltage is over 12V. Before trying to start up, check to make sure there is at least two litres of fuel in the tank. Failure to respect this norm will damage the fuel pump.
If the scooter is expected to remain unused for a long time, refill the tank up to a little over half the level. This will ensure the pump will be covered by fuel. When washing the vehicle, be careful with the electric components and wiring. When an ignition fault is detected, start the checks from the battery and the injection system connections.
Before disconnecting the EMS control unit connector, perform the following operations in the following order: – Set the switch to OFF – Disconnect the battery Failure to respect this norm may damage the control unit. Do not invert the polarity when fitting the battery. In order to prevent damages, disconnect and reconnect the EMS connectors only if actually required. Before reconnecting, check that the connectors are dry.
When carrying out electric inspections, do not force the tester probes into the connectors. Do not take measurements not specifically foreseen by the manual. At the end of every check performed with the diagnostic tester, protect the system connector with its cap. Failure to respect this norm may damage the EMS control unit. Before reconnecting the quick couplers of the power supply system, check that the terminals are perfectly clean.
Terminals setup Layout of the system-side connectors and the connectors on the electronic control unit. Troubleshooting procedure This section makes it possible to find what solutions to apply when troubleshooting. Operation Air temperature Coolant temperature. Atmospheric pressure Starter motor and solenoid Battery Ground connections End of compression pressure Spark plug Shielded cap HV coil Speed-timing sensor Ignition advance Fuel pressure low Injector capacity low Injector sealing poor Coolant temperature Stepper throttle valve position intake air temperature steps and actual opening Cleaning of the auxiliary air pipe and throttle valve; air filter efficiency.
Atmospheric pressure Ignition timing. Atmospheric pressure Air filter Diffuser and throttle valve Additional air pipe and Stepper Intake sleeve Filter box Spark plug wear check Throttle valve position signal Coolant temperature indicator Intake air temperature indicator.
Atmospheric pressure Spark plug Throttle valve position signal Coolant temperature indicator Intake air temperature indicator Ignition advance Intake sleeve Filter box TPS reset successful Fuel pressure Fuel filter Injector capacity Fuel quality Selection of the cylinder base gasket thickness.
Decoder master-box circuit This section describes the operations to be carried out to check the power supply circuit. Constant supply circuit check The decoder basic power supply is necessary for the deterrent flashing management.
The injection control unit power supply is necessary for the Stepper motor management. A power supply failure disables both ignition and injection. To carry out the check, proceed as follows:.
Specific tooling Y Diagnosis Tool 1 – Check whether the immobiliser system LED indicates that the switch is in position “ON” and that the deterrent flashing is on. The injection telltale light turns on for about 3 seconds. The injection telltale light comes on for about 5 seconds. YES go to 1 NO go to 9 9 – Check any short circuit on decoder or control unit and replace, if necessary.
YES go to 1 10 – Place the special tool between control unit and power supply system. Disconnect the main decoder connector and check the following conditions: Terminal no. Specific tooling Y Control unit interface wiring 11 – Decoder with proper base power supply. Detect the presence of the battery positive on Pin 17 of the special tool and on pin 3 of the decoder connector. Key-switch power supply circuit check A failure of the constant power supply disables both ignition and injection functions.
Set the emergency switch to “OFF”. Turn the key switch to “ON”. Set the emergency switch to “RUN”. Check whether the injection telltale light turns on for 5 seconds YES go to 3 NO go to 4 3 – Continuous power supplies are regular 4 – Check the working order of the fuse no.
Specific tooling Y Control unit interface wiring 6 – Fix any short circuits and replace the fuse. Check decoder and control unit, if necessary YES go to 1 7 – Disconnect the main decoder connector and check the following conditions: switch set to “ON”, switch to “RUN” and side stand raised Terminal no. Use the special tool to check the control unit continuous power supply.
Specific tooling Y Control unit interface wiring 9 – Control unit with proper continuous power supply. The connector can be recognised by its larger section white lead.
Check the utility control main remote control switch. Disconnect the master remote control switch. Check the diode installed on the earth connection of the main remote control switch pickup. When the polarity is inverted there should be no continuity. If the diagnostic tester displays No reply from the control unit, disconnect the continuous power supply for 10 seconds and switch to ON again; if the message is still displayed, proceed as follows: 1 – Check the diagnostic tester connections.
YES go to 4 3 – Restore 4 – Place the special tool between control unit and system. Keep the control unit disconnected. YES go to 5. Check the control unit. The injection telltale light is controlled upon every switching to “ON” by the 3-second timing generated by the digital instrument. This step is normally interrupted by the injection control unit control.
The timing lasts 5 seconds. The diagnostic tester is not programmed to check this circuit. Proceed as follows:. Keep the side stand raised. Make sure the light goes on for 5 seconds. YES go to 4. Side stand up Wait more than 5 seconds. The injection ECU manages the negative of the light.
The light must go off after the initial check. The light goes on again when the ECU self-diagnosis detects a fault.
When the fault disappears the light goes back off, however, the related operating tests need to be carried out. The light can go on whether the engine is able to run or not. Self-diagnosis system The injection control unit is provided with an auto-diagnosis function. When a failure is detected, the control unit: – turns on the injection telltale light only when it is current. In the event of intermittent failures, the indicator follows the failure trend and storage remains active.
Stored data are automatically deleted when the failure does not occur for over 16 usage cycles of the scooter heating – use – cooling. The battery disconnection does not delete stored data. Checking stored failures Connect the diagnostic tester to the scooter system. The tester pages display the list of errors detectable by the auto-diagnosis. Errors detected by the auto-diagnosis are marked by one or two reference dots.
Errors detectable by the auto-diagnosis may refer to the following system circuits or sectors of the control unit: – Throttle valve position signal – ambient pressure signal – coolant temperature signal – intake air temperature signal – wrong battery voltage – Injector and relevant circuit – HV coil and relevant circuit – Stepper and relevant circuit – Pump relay circuit – Electric fan relay circuit – RAM memory – ROM memory – EEPROM – Microprocessor – Signals panel stroke – revolution signal – unsteady cycle Underlined failures cause the engine to stop.
In the other cases, the engine works managed by the basic data. Deleting stored failures After mounting any failures, connect the diagnostic tester.
Select the menu on the “errors deleting” function. Press “OK” and follow the instructions. Perform a trial cycle and check whether the failure occurs again. Specific tooling Y Diagnosis Tool For troubleshooting for any faults see the related chapter sections.
Fuel supply system Fuel is fed to the injector by a pump, a filter and a pressure regulator integrated with the fuel level indicator inside the tank. The pump unit is connected to the injector by: 2 semi-flexible pipes 4 quick unions 1 T union with O-ring and retain bracket for the injector The pipes are crossed and fixed to the intake manifold to prevent wear of the quick unions connected to the T union for the injector.
Refitting the injector Carefully check to make sure the components are clean. Once clean, the throttle body guarantees an air flow exactly the same as the original. Throttle valve fouling is phenomenon that happens at different times depending on how the scooter is used, weather conditions and idle speed adjustment.
This phenomenon can be easily detected as a gradual poor idle signals it. Carry out a thorough check with a scooter diagnostic tester, drw. With engine temperature of at least 90, the parameters may be as follows: Standard Engine revs Ignition advance Throttle valve opening 57 5. The error menu displays the signals stored in the “RPM sensor”. This takes place only when the engine stops with the key switch set to “on.
Measure with the tool in drw. It is evident that, except for cases of early fouling, cleaning should not be carried out when still covered by the warranty. After cleaning the throttle body, check and, if necessary, adjust C0. If these indications occur when the injection warning light turns on or further errors or wrong parameters are present, it is necessary to carry out the relevant controls indicated in the manual. In such a case, there is a real fault evidently. Refitting the butterfly valve – Carry out the removal operations but in reverse order, tighten the 3 fixing screws to the prescribed torque.
Pump supply circuit The control unit starts the pump in the following conditions: – by setting the switch to ON with the emergency switch to RUN and side stand raised. The pump does not supply. Continuous supply. The initial timing is useful to bleed the system especially after a stop with engine in temperature. In these conditions, the fuel altered by boiling will be mixed with that in the tank. During use, the pump operation will be subject to the engine speed. The pump rotates for 2 seconds.
Check that the engine speed matches the pump rotation. YES go to 5 4 – The pump power supply is conforming. YES go to 6. Specific tooling Y Diagnosis Tool 6 – Try to start up. YES go to 9. In this case, the pump always starts to rotate if there is a continuous power supply. YES point 12 11 – Interrupted line. The relay cannot control the pump feeding YES go to YES go to 14 13 – Install the special tool between control unit and the injection system.
Specific tooling Y Control unit interface wiring 14 – Delete the code and check from the beginning. Fix the wiring, if required. Check the relay coil continuity. Check the wiring continuity between remote control switch and pump. YES, go to 25 25 – Check the pump winding resistance: approx.
Select the fuel pump simulation function. Enable the function with continuous power supply on and engine off. Perform a functional check of the pump. The light goes on again when the CPU autodiagnosis detects a fault.
Circuit leak test Before performing the checks concerning the system pressure, it is necessary to carefully clean all feeding system components. To perform the inspections it is necessary to use the special tooling kit for fuel pressure check. Specific tooling Y Petrol pressure check kit Before disconnecting any fastener, reduce the system pressure.
Detach the electrical connector from the pump support with the engine running, and wait for the shutdown. The engine stops at approximately 1. The special tool is equipped with fast-release fittings, similar to those provided for the circuit. In order to disconnect the female terminals injector side , it is necessary to press the two extensions and draw them. To detach male type terminals pump side it is necessary to press the coaxial rings towards the pump, and extract the terminals.
The system pressure check must be carried out, for practical reasons, by connecting on the pump side. YES go to 2 2 – Enable the function with continuous power supply on and engine off. The control unit starts the pump for 30 seconds YES go to 3 3 – Let the system bleed for a few seconds. Make sure that there are no external leaks.
Check the regulation pressure with pump power supply voltage higher than 12 V. Using pliers with flat and long tips, temporarily clamp the return duct by the extension of the specific tool the serial pipe does not allow this operation.
Fuel pump and filter check This procedure is useful during maintenance to check the filter efficiency in delivery. Connect the diagnostic tester. Connect the fuel pressure check kit. The pump starts for 30 seconds. YES go to 2. Make sure that there are no leaks. Using pliers with flat and long tips, temporarily clamp the return duct by the extension of the special tool with pump power supply voltage higher than 12 V, check the system maximum pressure.
Specific tooling Y Petrol pressure check kit 3 – Check the system seal. Start the pump for 30 seconds using the diagnostic tester. When the pump stops, wait 3 minutes.
Check the system pressure. Specific tooling Y Diagnosis Tool 4 – If pressure is lower, carefully check the voltage with pump under stress. If voltage is higher than 12 V, replace the pump. Check the free flow rate.
When the pump stops, use pliers with flat and long tips to temporarily clamp the return duct by the extension of the special tool.
This causes an increase of the fuel pressure. Check the system seal again. Check whether the pressure decreases with the same trend as the system when free. Specific tooling Y Petrol pressure check kit 12 – Check and replace the injector, if required, due to an insufficient seal. Check whether pressure decreases much more slowly.
YES go to 14 NO go to Specific tooling Y Petrol pressure check kit 14 – The pump unidirectional valve is faulty. Replace the pump. Check the component seals again, if necessary.
Disconnect the fuel return pipe from the pump support left pipe. AHEAD go to Using the diagnostic tester, start the fuel pump for 10 seconds.
Make sure that the power supply voltage is more than 12V. Measure the amount of fuel delivered. YES go to 18 NO go to Specific tooling Y Diagnosis Tool 18 – The fuel filter is not clogged. The scooter can be used respecting the limit of km. The fuel filter is dirty. Replace the pump support. Pump electrics check This section describes the operations to be carried out to perform electric checks on the pump. Resistor check Disconnect the connector from the pump support. Using a tester, measure the pump winding resistance.
Connect the tester probes to the pump support pins as shown in the figure. Electric characteristic Resistance: approx. With infinite resistance, the pump does not rotate. With resistance close to 0 , the pump power consumption is too high, with the possibility of blowing the 10 A fuse No. Perform the following check. Pump consumption check The pump power consumption may vary according to: – Power supply voltage – Pump running-in – Regulation pressure – Delivery filter cleaning To check the current consumption, proceed as follows – Disconnect the pump remote control switch connector.
Electric characteristic Current consumption: approx. If the pressure-relief valve opens, the pump absorbs approx. In case of excessive input 5A , replace the filter. See pump support overhaul. If the fault continues, replace the pump. Fuel filter check To check the fuel filter inspect the following: – Free flow – Current consumed by the pump.
A clogged filter causes: – Poor performance especially at full power – Pump input increase N. Pump bracket overhaul To remove the pump support from the tank, proceed as follows: – Disconnect the electric connector.
To replace the components, proceed as follows: 1 Level indicator: – Note the assembly position and the path of the two connecting wires. Pass the wires through the hole found between filter and pressure regulator. Measure the resistance between the two level indicator wires. Moving the float arm, check that the resistance is subject to gradual variations according to the arm motion. To replace the support, move the level indicator, the pressure regulator and the pump from the old to the new support.
For these operations, follows the instructions given above. Pump bracket installation – Before reassembling, carefully check that the tank is clean. In case of dirt or water, remove the tank. The control unit controls the fuel pump continuously and at the same time starts the injector opening. The injector openings are repeated for a few seconds.
The injection tester displays test successful. YES go to 7. The injection tester displays test failed. YES go to 8 7 – The injector control circuit is efficient. Perform the injector hydraulic check. Repeat the acoustic check and perform the injector hydraulic check for safety reasons. Check whether the injector failure message only is displayed.
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