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Wen Zhao, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Kento Yoshida, Minoru Konno, Akihiko Onuki, Shigeki Sugano. Machine Learning Based Skill-level Classification for Personal Mobility Devices Using Only Operational Characteristics. Yifan Huang, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Taiga Mori, Udara E. Manawadu, Tatsuya Ishihara, Masahiro Nakano, Kohjun Koshiji, Naoki Higo, Toshimitsu Tubaki, Shigeki Sugano.

Moondeep C. Shrestha, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Yusuke Tsuburaya, Ryosuke Kono, Shigeki Sugano. Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Moondeep C. Shrestha, Yusuke Tsuburaya, Ryosuke Kono, Shigeki Sugano. Dielectric elastomer actuators with carbon nanotube electrodes painted with a soft brush.

Hiroki Shigemune, Shigeki Sugano, Jun Nishitani, Masayuki Yamauchi, Naoki Hosoya, Shuji Hashimoto, Shingo Maeda. Actuators 7 51 1 – 11 年09月 [査読有り]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. We propose a simple methodology to paint carbon nanotube CNT powder with a soft brush onto an elastomer.

A large deformation of dielectric elastomer actuator DEA occurs according to the small constraint of the electrodes. Uniform painting with a soft brush leads to a stable deformation, as demonstrated by the results of multiple trials.

Unexpectedly, painting with a soft brush results in aligned materials on the elastomer. The oriented materials demonstrate anisotropic mechanical and electronic properties. This simple methodology should help realize innovative DEA applications. Dynamic Motion Generation by Flexible-Joint Robot based on Deep Learning using Images.

Yuheng Wu, Kuniyuki Takahashi, Hiroki Yamada, Kitae Kim, Shingo Murata, Shigeki Sugano, Tetsuya Ogata. In Proceedings of the Eighth Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and on Epigenetic Robotics ICDL-EpiRob – 年09月 [査読有り]. Detecting Features of Tools, Objects, and Actions from Effects in a Robot using Deep Learning.

In Proceedings of the Eighth Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and on Epigenetic Robotics ICDL-EpiRob 91 – 96 年09月 [査読有り]. 第18回建設ロボットシンポジウム論文集 SCR 1 – 6 年09月 [査読有り].

A Preliminary Study of a Control Framework for Forearm Contact During Robot Navigation. Moondeep Shrestha, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Yusuke Tsuburaya, Tomoya Onishi, Ayano Kobayashi, Ryuosuke Kono, Shigeki Sugano. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication RO-MAN – 年08月 [査読有り].

A Communicating Directional Intent in Robot Navigation using Projection Indicators. Moondeep Shrestha, Tomoya Onishi, Ayano Kobayashi, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Shigeki Sugano. Tactical-Level Input with Multimodal Feedback for Unscheduled Takeover Situations in Human-Centered Automated Vehicles. Udara E. Manawadu, Takaaki Ema, Hiroaki Hayashi, Takahiro Kawano, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Shigeki Sugano.

Modeling and Simulation of FLC-based Navigation Algorithm for Small Gas Pipeline Inspection Robot. Preliminary Design of a Pseudo-Inertia Adjustable Mechanism Based on Bidirectional Releasing of Stored Kinetic Energy. Peizhi Zhang, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Kenshiro Otsuki, Shan He, Gonzalo Aguirre Dominguez, Shigeki Sugano. 日本機械学会論文集 84 1 – 13 年07月 [査読有り]. Multiclass Classification of Driver Perceived Workload Using Long Short-Term Memory based Recurrent Neural Network.

Manawadu, Takahiro Kawano, Shingo Murata, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Junya Muramatsu, Shigeki Sugano. Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium IV , – 年06月 [査読有り]. Human-Agent Collaborative Control in Automated Vehicles for Takeover Situations in Dynamic Unstructured Urban Environments. Workshop on Robot Teammates Operating in Dynamic, Unstructured Environments RT-DUNE , IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA 1 – 2 年05月 [査読有り].

Swinging paper actuator driven by conduction electrohydrodynamics. Hiroki Shigemune, Shigeki Sugano, Hideyuki Sawada, Shuji Hashimoto, Yu Kuwajima, Yuki Matsushita, Shingo Maeda, Vito Cacucciolo, Matteo Cianchetti, Cecilia Laschi. Paper mechatronics has been proposed as a concept to fabricate robots with printing methods in our previous studies.

Actuators fabricated by printing on a sheet material can be low-cost and lightweight. In this paper, we propose a swinging paper actuator driven by conduction Electrohydrodynamics EHD. EHD is a phenomenon that generates flow by applying voltage to a dielectric liquid. The EHD flow is generated by the applied voltage in a wiring made by silver ink printed with an inkjet printer. The silver wiring was printed on a sheet of paper, and the paper with the wiring was folded manually to form its structure.

We explored the possibility to manufacture EHD actuators by using the printing techniques developed in paper mechatronics. We expected to obtain high performance from the generated actuators due to the light weight of the paper printed structures. Finally, we succeeded in activating the swinging actuator by applying the high voltage to the paper electrode. We applied sine and square inputs, and investigated several characteristics. We found conditions to obtain the largest displacement in our situation.

The swinging actuator proves a new concept to incorporate two alluring researches which are printed paper actuator and EHD phenomenon.

第23回ロボティクスシンポジア予稿集 1 – 6 年03月 [査読有り]. Simultaneous printing of multiple origami structures. MHS – 28th International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science January 1 – 2 年02月 [査読有り]. We developed a self-folding method of a printed paper. The paper self-folds along the printed line with a desktop inkjet printer to get 3D structure. In this paper, we introduce a method to fabricate multiple 3D structures simultaneously. Multiple development designs were arranged on A4 sized paper, and the A4 sized paper is printed to self-fold multiple developments.

The proposed method has an advantage especially in small scale, because when design of the development is smaller, more numbers of structures can place in A4 sized paper and construct. Plenty of small and light 3D structures are fabricated simultaneously with low-cost. The feature has good affinity with swarm robotics, and many paper robots may locomote using their own structural intelligence obtained by the self-folding. ロボティクス・メカトロニクス講演会講演概要集 2A1 – B15 年.

The misidentification of the stair height is one of the cause of fall. This paper presents an optical illusion induction system with augmented reality for support of ascending and descending stairs. The head-mounted display shows the vertical on the stair edge when ascending or horizontal line on the stair surface when descending.

Human showed the AR system to perceive the stair higher when ascending or narrower when descending than actual. We constructed the model of the foot clearance by optical illusion based on the contrast sensitive function approximated with Gaussian function.

In experiment, 10 participants climb and descend with AR system while we measured the foot trajectory. As a result, the coefficient of determination is over 0. We concluded that the AR system make the participants perceive the optical illusion so the foot clearance increased enough.

Effect of the timing of force application on the toe trajectory in the swing phase for a wire-driven gait assistance robot. We propose an effective timing of intermittent force application by a gait assistance robot with a wire-driven system to increase the toe trajectory throughout the swing phase. We tested different timings of force application at the shank, employing the short-term assistance of the robot to increase toe clearance throughout the swing phase.

The force was applied to the shank to generate knee flexion torque because the shank motion generated by the knee flexion motion makes the largest contribution to toe clearance. Four timings of the force application were considered: when starting knee flexion before toe-off, when lifting the foot, while maintaining knee flexion after toe-off, and when finishing knee flexion after toe-off.

Furthermore, we evaluated changes in the toe trajectory and articular angles of the lower limb for each timing condition. We used a timing detection method for the robot conducting tensile force control based on information from the hip, knee, and ankle angles.

For all participants, an increase in the knee flexion angle in the early swing phase due to the force application increased the toe clearance throughout the swing phase. We thus conclude that force application when the user begins lifting their toe is effective in increasing toe clearance throughout the swing phase. Rethinking Self-driving: Multi-task Knowledge for Better Generalization and Accident Explanation Ability. A prototype of a small tracked robot for gas pipeline inspection and maintenance.

Wen Zhao, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Kento Yoshida, Minoru Konno, Ryoichi Toriumi, Shigeki Sugano. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing – 年 [査読有り]. The gas pipeline networks cover approximately ,, km in urban region in Japan.

The risk caused by severe leakage, cracking, or corrosion will lead to a big accidence for human. Therefore, the gas pipeline robots for regular inspection and maintenance are very essential for the safe operation and supply of gas. In this paper, as a fundamental study of pipeline inspection robots, a new small wireless tracked robot for gas pipeline inspection and maintenance has been developed.

Compared with previous robots, it owns two working modes: self-navigation automated control and manual control mode for pipeline inspection. The experiment results revealed that self-navigation could improve the efficiency of inspection. Usability test in different types of control-authority allocations for multi-operator single-robot system OCTOPUS.

Kui Chen, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Takahiro Katano, Taisei Kaneko, Kohga Azuma, Masatoshi Seki, Ken Ichiryu, Tatsuzo Ishida, Shigeki Sugano. Four-arm four-flipper disaster response robot called OCTOPUS, which has 26 degrees of freedom DOF , has been developed to engage in complex disaster response work. OCTOPUS adopts a multi-operator single-robot MOSR control system, and two operators manually control the robot.

The pattern of control-authority allocation CAA for two operators largely affects performance of MOSR systems, so this study conducts usability tests in various CAAs, and derives a reasonable CAA pattern.

So far, there are no uniform standard allocation rules for flippers and crawlers in multi-limb robots like OCTOPUS, therefore we specify five CAA patterns for investigation. Three fundamental tasks that whole body of the robot must be cooperatively controlled were conducted to test the usability in each CAA pattern.

From the results of analysis, we found that pattern 1, which one operator controls front two arms, flippers, and crawlers, and another operator controls remaining back parts, had best scores for all tasks, as well as pattern 2 had the best distribution of workload between two operators. Continuous Wrist Joint Control Using Muscle Deformation Measured on Forearm Skin. Kato A, Hirabayashi M, Matsurnoto Y, Nakashima Y, Kobayashi Y, Fujie M.

G, Sugano S. Proceedings – IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation – 年 [査読有り]. Estimating driver workload with systematically varying traffic complexity using machine learning: Experimental design.

Manawadu, Takahiro Kawano, Shingo Murata, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Shigeki Sugano. Traffic complexity is one of the factors affecting driver workload. In order to study the relationship between traffic complexity levels and workload, a designed experiment is required, especially to vary traffic flow parameters systematically in a simulated environment.

This paper describes the experimental design of a simulator study for developing a computational model to estimate the behavior of driver workload based on traffic complexity. Driving simulators allow creating and testing different traffic scenarios and manipulating independent variables to improve the quality of data, as compared to real world experiments.

Physiological responses such as heart rate, skin conductance, and pupil size have been found to be related to workload. By adapting a data-driven method, we integrated electrocardiography sensors, electro-dermal activity sensors, and eye-tracker to acquire driver physiological signals and gaze information.

Preliminary results show a positive correlation between traffic complexity levels and corresponding physiological responses, performance, and subjective measures. Intermittent Force Application of Wire-Driven Gait Training Robot to Encourage User to Learn an Induced Gait. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, ROBIO , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December , – 年 [査読有り]. Investigation of Effective Intensity of Static Stretching Exercise Based on Spring-Pot Viscoelastic Model: Intensity Based on Maximum Tolerance Joint Torque Affects Viscoelastic Ratio of Muscle During Static Stretching.

IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics, RCAR , Kandima, Maldives, August , – 年 [査読有り]. Akira Kato, Yuya Matsumoto, Ryu Kato, Yo Kobayashi, Hiroshi Yokoi, Masakatsu G. Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering 13 2 年 [査読有り]. Ascertaining a person’s motion intentions through muscle activity is important for controlling various assistive devices for people with disabilities.

Several techniques have been proposed for estimating the extent of intended joint angle motion using skin deformation information derived from muscle contractions. The objective of this study is to verify our signal processing procedure for estimating intended wrist joint angle with skin deformation information in able-bodied subjects and subjects with an upper-limb amputation.

Skin deformation was measured with a tactile sensor consisting of 48 distance sensors over a large measurement area. The root-mean-square error RMSE of the measured and estimated angles are evaluated offline using multiple linear regression in one individual with an upper-limb amputation and five able-bodied participants.

In all tests, subjects undertook a wrist flexion and extension task guided by visual feedback, measured in real time. Sensors are selected in descending order of the standard deviation of each sensor’s value. Strong relationships occur between the position and displacement of the area of greatest skin deformation and the intended wrist joint angle in all subjects. The minimum RMSE was 8. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that at least 16 sensors are needed to reliably record skin deformation.

Skin deformation analyzed with multiple linear regression is a plausible means of estimating intended wrist joint angle in persons with an upperlimb amputation. These findings will inform the design of assistive devices that must noninvasively determine muscle activity. Covering a Robot Fingertip With uSkin: A Soft Electronic Skin With Distributed 3-Axis Force Sensitive Elements for Robot Hands. Tomo, T. P, Schmitz, A, Wong, W. K, Kristanto, H, Somlor, S, Hwang, J, Jamone, L, Sugano, S.

IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3 – 年 [査読有り]. Evaluation of Series Clutch Actuators With a High Torque-to-Weight Ratio for Open-Loop Torque Control and Collision Safety. Wang, Y, Schmitz, A, Kobayashi, K, Alvarez Lopez, J. A, Matsuo, Y, Sakamoto, Y, Sugano, S. Large Range Impedance Shaping for Physical Human Robot Interaction Through Light Quantity Measurement Based Torque Regulation.

Effective Input Order of Dynamics Learning Tree. Advanced Robotics 32 3 – 年 [査読有り]. Learning to Achieve Different Levels of Adaptability for Human? Robot Collaboration Utilizing a Neuro-dynamical System. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 10 3 1 – 14 年01月 [査読有り]. An Adjustable Force Sensitive Sensor with an Electromagnet for a Soft, Distributed, Digital 3-Axis Skin Sensor. Holgado, A. C, Alvarez Lopez, J. A, Schmitz, A, Tomo, T. P, Somlor, S, Jamone, L, Sugano, S. Object Recognition Through Active Sensing Using a Multi-Fingered Robot Hand with 3D Tactile Sensors.

Funabashi, S, Morikuni, S, Geier, A, Schmitz, A, Ogasa, S, Tomo, T. P, Somlor, S, Sugano. A New Silicone Structure for uSkin – a Soft, Distributed, Digital 3-axis Skin Sensor – and its Integration on the Humanoid Robot iCub. P, Regoli, M, Schmitz, A, Natale, L, Kristanto, H, Somlor, S, Metta, G, Sugano, S.

IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters RA-L 3 4 – 年 [査読有り]. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 1 – 3 年12月 [査読有り]. The copper beryllium used in our sensor reduces hysteresis in each transducer. Additionally, the sensor provides digital output via I2C bus to reduce the susceptibility to noise, and reduce the number of required wires.

Sensor characteristics such as its sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, linearity, and hysteresis are determined. A semi-autonomous compound motion pattern using multi-flipper and multi-arm for unstructured terrain traversal.

IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems – 年12月 [査読有り]. Disaster response crawler robot OCTOPUS has four arms and four flippers for better adaptability to disaster environments. To further improve the robot mobility and terrain adaptability in unstructured terrain, we propose a new locomotion control method called compound motion pattern CMP for multi-limb robots like OCTOPUS.

This hybrid locomotion by cooperating the arms and flippers would be effective to adapt to the unstructured terrain due to combining the advantages of crawling and walking. As a preliminary study on CMP, we proposed a fundamental and conceptual CMP while clarifying problems in constructing CMP, and developed a semi-autonomous control system for realizing the CMP.

Electrically-driven OCTOPUS was used to verify the reliability and correctness of CMP. Results of experiments on climbing a step indicate that the proposed control system could obtain relatively accurate terrain information and the CMP enabled the robot to climb the step. We thus confirmed that the proposed CMP would be effective to increase terrain adaptability of robot in unstructured environment, and it would be a useful locomotion method for advanced disaster response robots.

A Reliable Communication and Localization Method for Gas Pipeline Robot Chain based on RSSI Theory,. Compound Manipulation Mode for Improving Task-Ability of Multi-Arm Multi-Flipper Crawler Robot. Kui Chen, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Takahiro Katano, Taisei Kaneko, Kohga Azuma, Yusuke Uehara, Tatsuzo Ishida, Masatoshi Seki, Ken Ichiryu, Shigeki Sugano. Synthesis of high-strength and electronically conductive triple network gels with self-healing properties by the restraint method.

Recently, self-healing conductive materials based on such gels have been widely researched. However, as gels are generally weak, the gel-based materials are also often low in strength. The synthesized product was a high-strength conductive gel with self-healing abilities. Tensile tests confirmed that the swelling of the synthesized gel caused a low tensile breaking stress. Additionally, electrical conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity was increased by the addition of polypyrrole.

These measurements were also carried out after the gel underwent self-healing. A preliminary study on a groping framework without external sensors to recognize near-environmental situation for risk-tolerance disaster response robots. SSRR – 15th IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics, Conference – 年10月 [査読有り]. This paper proposes a basic near-environmental recognition framework based on groping for risk-tolerance disaster response robot DRR.

In extreme disaster sites, including high radiation and heavy smog, external sensors such as cameras and laser range finders do not work properly, and such sensors may be broken in accidents in the tasks. It is hoped that DRRs can continue to perform tasks, even if the external sensors cannot work, and at least, they can safely evacuate from the site.

In this preliminary study, for recognizing near environments without using external sensors, we proposed a groping method. In this method, a robot actively touches the environment using arms or other movable parts, records the contact information, and then reconstructs a three-dimensional local map around the robot by the detected information, e. The proposed groping system can recognize the existence of three situations, such as an object, step, and pit, and those geometry, by exploring the designated space using arms.

The groping strategy was designed considering both robot specification, time limitation, and required resolution. Experiments were performed using four-arm and four-crawler robot OCTOPUS. The results indicate that the proposed framework could recognize step, pit, and object, and calculate the position and size of the object, and confirm that the robot successfully removed the object on the basis of groped data.

A Pre-offering View System for Teleoperators of Heavy Machines to Acquire Cognitive Maps. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics SSRR 61 – 66 年10月 [査読有り]. Experimental Characterization of a Magnetorheological Damper with Multiple Cylindrical Passages and Toroidal Magnetic Field Generator.

Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Peizhi Zhang, Kenshiro Otsuki, Shan He, Gonzalo Aguirre Dominguez, Shigeki Sugano. Proceedings of the 10th JFPS International Symposiums on Fluid Power JFPS 1 – 6 年10月 [査読有り].

Exploiting the slip behavior of friction based clutches for safer adjustable torque limiters. Yushi Wang, Alexander Schmitz, Kento Kobayashi, Javier Alejandro Alvarez Lopez, Wei Wang, Yuki Matsuo, Yoshihiro Sakamoto, Shigeki Sugano.

Torque limiters are a proven way to enhance the safety in robots. To further increase the safety, adjustable torque limits depending on the task and the joint configuration joint angles, velocity, acceleration would be preferable.

Friction clutches can be used as adjustable torque limiters ATL. In contact free motion the ATL can be set with torque limits higher than the required torque, thereby not influencing the position tracking performance. At an impact, the torque is intrinsically limited, enhancing the safety. Furthermore, depending on the implementation, friction clutches have another relevant property. Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV.

Radiotherapy is one of the major treatment modalities for malignancies. However, cells surviving irradiation often display high levels of invasiveness.

This study shows that irradiation-tolerant lung adenocarcinoma demonstrates high invasive capability depending on dephosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain MRLC. In a collagen gel overlay condition, low-invasive subclones of lung adenocarcinoma AP-3 showed a round morphology and diphosphorylation of MRLC. In contrast, irradiation-tolerant AP-3 cells AP-3IR displayed high invasiveness and a lower level of MRLC diphosphorylation.

In addition, inhibition of MRLC phosphatase activity decreased the invasive activity. These findings suggest that AP-3IR cells acquire high invasiveness through MRLC dephosphorylation.

C Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B. Regulation of Cellular Contractile Force in Response to Mechanical Stretch by Diphosphorylation of Myosin Regulatory Light Chain via RhoA Signaling Cascade Reviewed. Takeomi Mizutani, Kazushige Kawabata, Yoshikazu Koyama, Masayuki Takahashi, Hisashi Haga.

Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： WILEY-LISS. Fibroblasts regulate their contractile force in response to external stretch; however, the detailed mechanism by which the force is regulated is unclear.

Here, we show that diphosphorylation and dephosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain MRLC are involved in the stretch-induced force response. Cellular stiffness, which reflects the cellular contractile force, under external stretch was measured by mechanical-scanning probe microscopy. Fibroblasts NIH-3T3 expressing green fluorescent protein GFP -tagged mutant-type MRLC MRLC T18A -GFP , which cannot be diphosphorylated, did not show any stretch-induced stiffness response, whereas the stiffness in cells expressing GFP-tagged wild-type MRLC MRLC WT -GFP increased immediately after the stretch and subsequently decreased after h.

Urea-PAGE western blot analysis showed that the proportion of diphosphorylated MRLC PP-MRLC transiently increased after the stretch and decreased after h. Dominant-negative RhoA RhoA N19 -expressing cells did not show the stiffness response to the stretch, whereas wild-type RhoA-expressing cells did.

It was concluded that file Cellular force response originates in the stretch-induced diphosphorylation and dephosphorylation of MRLC and is regulated via the RhoA signaling cascade Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton , C Wiley-Liss, Inc. Static friction of agar gels: Formation of contact junctions at frictional interface Reviewed. T Nitta, H Kato, H Haga, K Nemoto, K Kawabata.

JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 74 11 – Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN. We measure the static friction F-c of agar gels on glass substrates immersed in water. F-c is independent of the nominal contact area, and increases with the normal load and the duration t w of contact prior to sliding.

Using a confocal laser-scanning microscope, many fine dark spots are clearly visible in the optical reflection distribution images on the glass interface in contact with the gel.

The total area of the dark spots increases with t w , corresponding qualitatively to that of F-c. These observations indicate that F-c originates from the formation of the contacting spots at the interface, which is not due to asperities of the gel surface alone but related to the drainage of water trapped by the gel polymer network at the frictional interface.

Collective movement of epithelial cells on a collagen gel substrate Reviewed. H Haga, C Irahara, R Kobayashi, T Nakagaki, K Kawabata. Collective cell movement acts as an efficient strategy in many physiological events, including wound healing, embryonic development, and morphogenesis.

We found that epithelial cells Madin-Darby canine kidney cell migrated collectively along one direction on a collagen gel substrate.

Time-lapse images of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cultured on type-I collagen gels and glass substrates were captured by phase contrast microscopy equipped with an incubation system. On the gel substrate, the directions of cell movement gradually converged on one direction as the number of cells increased, whereas the cells moved randomly on the glass substrate.

We also observed “leader” cells, which extended large lamellae and were accompanied by many “follower” cells, migrating in the direction of oriented collagen fibers. The mean-squared displacement of each cell movement and the spatial correlation function calculated from the spatial distribution of cell velocity were obtained as functions of observation time.

In the case of the gel substrate, the spatial correlation length increased gradually, representing the collectiveness of multicellular movement. Cellular stiffness response to external deformation: Tensional homeostasis in a single fibroblast Reviewed. Authorship： Last author Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： WILEY-LISS. The cellular stiffness, reflecting intracellular tension acting along stress fibers, decreased or increased instantly in response to the elongating or compressing stimuli, respectively.

After this rapid change, the fibroblasts gradually recovered to their initial stiffness during the following 2 h, and then stabilized. Fluorescence examination for GFP-actin demonstrated that the structure of the stress fibers was not altered noticeably by this small degree of deformation.

Treatment with Y, to inhibit myosin phosphorylation and abrogate cellular contractility, eliminated the change in stiffness after the mechanical elongation. These results indicate that fibroblasts possess a mechanism that regulates intracellular tension along stress fibers to maintain the cellular stiffness in a constant equilibrium state. Intermittent motion of a twin boundary in TMTSF 2 PF2 Reviewed.

K Kawabata, T Saga, K Matsuda, K Nemoto, T Sambongi. Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： E D P SCIENCES. We observe the intermittent motion of a single planar twin boundary under a constant shear stress in organic crystals TMTSF 2 PF6. The boundary is forced to shuttle repeatedly in a specific region of a single crystal.

For each move we measure the residence time t res at a certain trap as well as the local velocity v local in the vicinity of the trap. We find that tres varies largely on every move even under a well-controlled constant stress, while v local is almost constant.

This wide distribution of t res can be well characterized by a lognormal function. The autocorrelation of log t res series exhibits apparently an exponential decay. To reveal the mechanism of the boundary motion we examine the temperature dependence of vlocal and find the boundary driven by thermal activation.

The result indicates that the boundary does not make a complete stop at the trap but creeps very slowly. We also propose a phenomenological description for the characteristic feature of t res. Time dependent static friction force of agar gel-on-glass plate immersed in water Reviewed.

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV 12 PR9 – We measured the static friction force of agar gel-on-glass plate ill water The static friction force is independent of the apparent contact area between the agar gel and file glass plate. It increases with waiting time, that is, contact duration prior to motion. The static friction force is represented well by a power law of waiting time. The waiting time dependence is different from those of solid-on-solid systems.

These results arc discussed, based oil asperity contact model. Drastic change of local stiffness distribution correlating to cell migration in living fibroblasts Reviewed. Sequential images of the local stiffness distribution of living fibroblasts NIH3T3 were captured under a culture condition using scanning probe microscopy in a force modulation mode.

We found a clear relation between cell mi-ration and local stiffness distribution on the cell: When cells were stationary at one position, the stiffness distribution of their cellular surface was quite stable.

On the other hand, once the cells started to move, the stiffness in their nuclear regions drastically decreased. Possible explanations for the correlation between the cell mi-ration and the cell stiffness are proposed.

Cell Motil. Differential localization of non-muscle myosin II isoforms and phosphorylated regulatory light chains in human MRC-5 fibroblasts Reviewed. T Saitoh, S Takemura, K Ueda, H Hosoya, M Nagayama, H Haga, K Kawabata, A Yamagishi, M Takahashi. FEBS LETTERS 3 – We investigated the localization of non-muscle myosin II isoforms and mono- at serine 19 and diphosphorylated at serine 19 and threonine 18 regulatory light chains RLCs in motile and non-motile MRC-5 fibroblasts.

In migrating cells, myosin IIA localized to the lamella and throughout the posterior region. Myosin IIB colocalized with myosin HA to the posterior region except at the very end. Diphosphorylated RLCs were detected in the restricted region where myosin HA was enriched.

In non-motile cells, myosin IIA was enriched in peripheral stress fibers with diphosphorylated RLCs, but myosin IIB was not. Our results suggest that myosin HA may be highly activated by diphosphorylation of RLCs and primarily involved in cell migration. C Published by Elsevier Science B. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

CiNii Article. Abnomal ferromagnetic behaviour for pyrolytic carbon under low temperature growth Reviewed. Shigeyoshi Mizogami, Makoto Mizutani, Masahiko Fukuda, Kazushige Kawabata.

Synthetic Metals 43 – Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal. Abnormal ferromagnetic behavior was found for the pyrolytic carbon obtained from adamantane as a raw material by CVD method under low temperature growth. An clear hysteresis loop in its magnetization curve was observed even at room temperature. Such a ferromagnetic behavior was reproducible. Both the highly oriented structure and a large number of unpaired electrons were observed and seem to play important role for this observed ferromagnetism.

This ferromagnetic behavior should be intrinsic property of this pyrolytic carbon because any ferromagnetic impurities like Fe are not detected in these samples within experimental accuracy.

Electronic properties of TTF 18 I3 18 CH2Cl2 2 under high pressure Reviewed. Kawabata, K. tanaka, M. Synthetic Metals 42 – Electrical conductivity of a single crystal of TTF 18 I3 18 CH2Cl2 2 was measured under high pressure up to 20kb. This knee was suppressed by applying pressure. Furthermore another conductive deviation was observed around room temperature under 20kb.

The results are discussed in terms of two phase transitions. Superconducting organic thin films prepared using an evaporation technique Invited Reviewed. Kazushige Kawabata, Keiji Tanaka, Makoto Mizutani. Advanced Materials 3 3 – Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： Wiley-VCH Verlag.

Tanaka, M. Solid State Communications 74 2 83 – 86 Thin films have been prepared by using the charge-transfer complex BEDT-TTF iodide as the raw material by a vacuum evaporation method. The electric conductivity in the film plane was as high as 2 S cm at room temperature. Examinations on annealed specimens also provided another proof for the above conclusion. Electronic and magnetic properties of TTF 18 I3 18 CH2Cl2 2 Reviewed.

Tanaka, R. Hasegawa, M. Solid State Communications 71 5 – The electric conductivity and the static magnetic susceptibility have been measured for single crystals of TTF 18 I3 18 CH2Cl2 2 TTF: tetrathiafulvalene , having a novel structure composed of three different types of segregated stacking columns of TTF molecules along the [] crystal axis.

The conductivity was highly anisotropic, and its temperature dependence was semiconductive. The crystals exhibited the Curie paramagnetism below the room temperature. These results could be explained on the basis of the characteristics of the crystal structure of the material. Impurity Elfects on Superconductivity and Charge Density Waves in NbSe3 Reviewed.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 54 2 – The superconducting transition temperature Tc and the sizes of the resistive anomalies due to both the q1- and the qz-CDW formations are examined on single crystals of Ta-doped NbSe3. With addition of Ta, Tc increases steeply from below 70 mK to 1. These results are discussed in terms of the competition between superconductivity and the CDW formations.

The upper critical field is also measured in the superconducting state induced by Ta doping. The critical fleld shows one-dimensional anisotropy, which originates from the anisotropy of the electronic band structure. Evidence for extrinsic superconductivity in NbSe3 Reviewed.

Solid State Communications 44 12 – Detailed resistivity measurements and X-ray and microscopic examinations revealed that pure NbSe3 does not show superconductivity at least above 0. The superconductivity with the sluggish, current-sensitive transition curve, which has been observed frequently, is extrinsic and arises only from the crystal boundaries in the polycrystalline sample. Hall Effect of NbSe3 in the Non-Ohmic Regimes Below 58 K and K CDW Transitions Reviewed.

Kazushige Kawabata, Masayuki Ido, Takashi Sambongi. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 50 6 – The Hall effect in NbSe3 was measured in the non-Ohmic regimes below the charge-density-wave CDW transitions at K and 58 K. In both regimes, relation between the Hall voltage and the current becomes nonlinear above the threshold electric-field ET while linear relation remains between the Hall voltage and the electric field.

Both nonlinearities of the conductivity and the Hall voltage are consistently explained by taking into consideration a new current-carrying mechanism which contributes only to the conductivity along the b-axis above ET. The new mechanism is attributed to the sliding CDW. In NbSe3, the CDW’s are expected to slide only along the b-axis as inferred from the Ohmic transverse conductivity along the c-axis. Highly Conductive 1 : 1 Radical Cation Salts of Anthra [1, 9-cd : 4, c’d’] bis [1, 2] dichalcogenoles Reviewed.

TAKIMIYA K, OHNISHI A, ASO Y, OTSUBO T, OGURA F, KAWABATA K, TANAKA K, MIZUTANI M. Bulletin of Chemical Society of Japan 67 3 – Role of ATF5 in the invasive potential of diverse human cancer cell lines Reviewed. Akihiro Nukuda, Hiroki Endoh, Motoaki Yasuda, Takeomi Mizutani, Kazushige Kawabata, Hisashi Haga. Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE.

Our research group recently revealed that ATF5 expression increases the invasiveness of human lung carcinoma cells. However, the effects of ATF5 on the invasive potential of other cancer cells lines remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of ATF5 in the invasive activity of diverse human cancer cell lines. Invasiveness was assessed using Matrigel invasion assays. ATF5 knockdown resulted in decreased invasiveness in seven of eight cancer cell lines tested.

These results suggest that ATF5 promotes invasiveness in several cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the roles of ATF5 in the invasiveness were evaluated in three-dimensional 3D culture conditions. In 3D collagen gel, HT and MDA-MB cells exhibited high invasiveness, with spindle morphology and high invasion speed.

In both cell lines, knockdown of ATF5 resulted in rounded morphology and decreased invasion speed. Next, we showed that ATF5 induced integrin-alpha 2 and integrin-beta 1 expression and that the depletion of integrin-alpha 2 or integrin-beta 1 resulted in round morphology and decreased invasion speed. Our results suggest that ATF5 promotes invasion by inducing the expression of integrin-alpha 2 and integrin-beta 1 in several human cancer cell lines.

Data set for comparison of cellular dynamics between human AAVS1 locus-modified and wild-type cells Reviewed. Takeomi Mizutani, Hisashi Haga, Kazushige Kawabata. DATA IN BRIEF 6 – This data article describes cellular dynamics, such as migration speed and mobility of the cytoskeletal protein, of wild-type human fibroblast cells and cells with a modified adeno-associated virus integration site 1 AAVS1 locus on human chromosome Insertion of exogenous gene into the AAVS1 locus has been conducted in recent biological researches.

Previously, our data showed that the AAVS1-modification changes cellular contractile force Mizutani et al. To assess if this AAVS1-modification affects cell migration, we compared cellular migration speed and turnover of cytoskeletal protein in human fibroblasts and fibroblasts with a green fluorescent protein gene knocked-in at the AAVS1 locus in this data article. Cell nuclei were stained and changes in their position attributable to cell migration were analyzed. Fluorescence recovery was observed after photobleaching for the fluorescent protein-tagged myosin regulatory light chain.

C The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CCBY license. Heterogeneous filament network formation by myosin light chain isoforms effects on contractile energy output of single cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells Reviewed. Takeomi Mizutani, Kazuya Furusawa, Hisashi Haga, Kazushige Kawabata.

Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells hiPSC-CMs are expected to play an important role in heart therapies, in which hiPSC-CMs should generate sufficient contractile force to pump blood. However, recent studies have shown that the contractility of myocardial mimics composed of hiPSC-CMs is lower than that of adult human myocardium. To examine the mechanism by which contractile force output of hiPSC-CMs is weakened, we measured the contractile force of single hiPSC-CMs and observed the fibrous distribution of myosin II regulatory light chain MRLC of cardiac contributes to beating and non-cardiac does not contribute to beating isoforms.

Single hiPSC-CMs were cultured on an extracellular matrix gel, and the contractile force and strain energy exerted on the gel were measured. Strain energy was not uniform between cells and ranged from 0. The combination of contractile force measurement and immunofluorescent microscopy for MRLC isoforms showed that cells with higher strain energy expressed the weakened non-cardiac myosin II fibers compared to those of cells with lower strain energy. Observation of cardiac and non-cardiac MRLC showed that the MRLC isoforms formed heterogeneous filament networks.

These results suggest that strain energy output from single hiPSC-CMs depends both cardiac and non-cardiac myosin fibers, which prevent deformation of the cell body. c , The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine. Production and hosting by Elsevier B. An improved method for western blotting when extracting proteins from mammalian cells cultured on a collagen gel under serum-free conditions Reviewed.

Seiichiro Ishihara, Takeomi Mizutani, Kazushige Kawabata, Hisashi Haga. Language： English Publishing type： Research paper scientific journal Publisher： SPRINGER. Western blotting is a widely used method for detection and quantification of specific proteins extracted from mammalian cells. In the conventional method of protein extraction, we found that collagen-containing gels interfered with detection of the p65 protein one of the subunits in the NF-kappa B family of proteins in human lung adenocarcinoma A cells cultured on a collagen gel containing serum.

In contrast, the collagen gels did not affect detection of the GAPDH protein. Then, we established an improved method for preparation of protein extracts using trichloroacetic acid fixation and collagenase treatment from the cells cultured on the collagen gel.

Using the improved method, we were able to detect p65 proteins without loss in A cells cultured on a collagen gel under serum-free conditions, but we could not detect the proteins if serum was present in cell culture. Thus, using western blotting and serum-free culture conditions, we succeeded in comparing the p65 expression between the cells grown in a plastic dish and cells grown on a collagen gel.

Transgene integration into the human AAVS1 locus enhances myosin II-dependent contractile force by reducing expression of myosin binding subunit 85 Reviewed. Takeomi Mizutani, Rui Li, Hisashi Haga, Kazushige Kawabata. The adeno-associated virus site 1 AAVS1 locus in the human genome is a strong candidate for gene therapy by insertion of an exogenous gene into the locus. The AAVS1 locus includes the coding region for myosin binding subunit 85 MBS Although the function of MBS85 is not well understood, myosin II-dependent contractile force may be affected by altered expression of MBS The effect of altered expression of MBS85 on cellular contractile force should be examined prior to the application of gene therapy.

In this study, we show that transgene integration into AAVS1 and consequent reduction of MBS85 expression changes myosin II-dependent cellular contractile force. Western blotting analysis showed that KI cells had significantly reduced MBS85 expression. KI cells also showed greater cellular contractile force than control cells. The increased contractile force was associated with phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain MRLC.

Transfection of KI cells with an MBS85 expression plasmid restored cellular contractile force and phosphorylation of MRLC to the levels in control cells. These data suggest that transgene integration into the human AAVS1 locus induces an increase in cellular contractile force and thus should be considered as a gene therapy to effect changes in cellular contractile force.

Stiff substrates increase YAP-signaling-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-7 expression Reviewed. Nukuda, C. Sasaki, S. Ishihara, T. Mizutani, K. Nakamura, T. Ayabe, K. Kawabata, H.

Abnormally stiff substrates have been shown to trigger cancer progression. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this trigger are not clear. In this study, we cultured T84 human colorectal cancer cells on plastic dishes to create a stiff substrate or on collagen-I gel to create a soft substrate. The stiff substrate enhanced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 MMP-7 , an indicator of poor prognosis. In addition, we used polyacrylamide gels 2, 67 and kPa so that the MMP-7 expression on the kPa gel was higher compared with that on the 2-kPa gel.

Next, we investigated whether yes-associated protein YAP affected the MMP-7 expression. YAP knockdown decreased MMP-7 expression. Treatment with inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR and myosin regulatory light chain MRLC and integrin-alpha 2 or integrin-beta 1 knockdown downregulated MMP-7 expression. Finally, we demonstrated that YAP, EGFR, integrin-alpha 2 beta 1 and MRLC produced a positive feedback loop that enhanced MMP-7 expression.

These findings suggest that stiff substrates enhanced colorectal cancer cell viability by upregulating MMP-7 expression through a positive feedback loop. Three-dimensional morphogenesis of MDCK cells induced by cellular contractile forces on a viscous substrate Reviewed.

Misako Imai, Kazuya Furusawa, Takeomi Mizutani, Kazushige Kawabata, Hisashi Haga. For example, to operate based on the inferred user’s intent, the system identifies a task flow having steps and parameters designed to achieve the inferred user’s intent.

Entering specific requirements into the task flow from intent, executing the task flow by calling programs, methods, services, APIs, etc. Typically, a user request seeks either an information response by a virtual assistant or the execution of a task.

A satisfactory response to a user request can include either providing the requested information response or performing the requested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user can make a virtual assistant a question such as “where am I right now? In response, the virtual assistant may confirm the request and make appropriate notes for the user’s electronic schedule.

During the performance of the requested task, the virtual assistant may interact with the user in a continuous conversation, including exchanging information many times over a fairly long period of time. There are many other ways to interact with a virtual assistant to request information or the performance of various tasks.

In addition to providing verbal responses and performing actions programmatically, virtual assistants provide responses in other visible or audible forms eg, as text, alerts, music, video, animation, etc. Yes, and if possible, can be provided using multiple devices eg, text output as voice and display on television via the handset of the phone.

仮想アシスタントの一例は、本明細書に参考として全開示内容が取り入れられている２０１１年１月１０日出願、名称「Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔ Ａｕｔｏｍａｔｅｄ Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ」の米国実用新案出願第１２／９８７，９８２号公報で説明されている。 An example of a virtual assistant is described in US Utility Model Application No. The virtual assistant may include a client-side portion executing on the user device and a server-side portion executing on the server system User device may include any electronic device such as a mobile phone, tablet computer, portable media player, desktop computer, laptop computer, PDA, television, television set top box, wearable electronic device, the Internet, an intranet, Alternatively, the server system may be in communication via one or more networks , including any other wired or wireless public or private network.

The server system can perform server-side functionality for any number of clients that reside on each user device One or more processing modules can utilize the data and model store to determine a user’s intent based on natural language input and to perform tasks based on the inferred user intent. In some embodiments, the virtual assistant server can communicate with external services , such as telephone services, calendar services, information services, messaging services, navigation services, etc.

サーバシステム１１０は、１つ以上の独立型データ処理デバイス又はコンピュータの分散ネットワークで実現可能である。いくつかの実施形態において、サーバシステム１１０は、サーバシステム１１０の下位の計算資源及び／又はインフラ構造資源を提供するために、種々の仮想デバイス及び／又は第三者サービスプロバイダ（例えば、第三者クラウドサービスプロバイダ）を使用可能である。 The server system can be implemented in a distributed network of one or more stand-alone data processing devices or computers.

Cloud service provider can be used. 図１では、仮想アシスタントの機能性はクライアント側部分及びサーバ側部分の双方を含むように示されているが、いくつかの実施形態において、アシスタントの機能は、ユーザデバイスにインストールされた独立型アプリケーションとして実現可能である。更に、仮想アシスタントのクライアント部分とサーバ部分への機能性の分割は、実施形態によって異なる方法により実現可能である。例えば、いくつかの実施形態において、ユーザデバイス１０２で実行されるクライアントは、ユーザ向け入出力処理機能のみを提供し且つ仮想アシスタントの他のすべての機能性をバックエンドサーバに委託するシンクライアントでありうる。 Although in FIG.

Is feasible as Furthermore, the division of functionality into the client and server parts of the virtual assistant can be implemented in different ways depending on the embodiment. ユーザデバイス 図２は、種々の実施形態に係るユーザデバイス１０２のブロック図である。図示されるように、ユーザデバイス１０２は、メモリインタフェース２０２、１つ以上のプロセッサ２０４、及び周辺装置インタフェース２０６を含むことができる。ユーザデバイス１０４の種々のコンポーネントは、１つ以上の通信バス又は信号回線により互いに結合できる。ユーザデバイス１０２は、周辺装置インタフェース２０６に結合された種々のセンサ、サブシステム及び周辺装置を更に含むことができる。センサ、サブシステム及び周辺装置は、情報を収集し且つ／又はユーザデバイス１０２の種々の機能を容易にする。 User Device FIG.

As shown, the user device can include a memory interface , one or more processors , and a peripheral interface The various components of user device may be coupled together by one or more communication buses or signal lines. User device may further include various sensors, subsystems and peripherals coupled to peripherals interface 例えば、ユーザデバイス１０２は、向き感知機能、光感知機能及び近接感知機能を容易にするために周辺装置インタフェース２０６に結合されたモーションセンサ２１０、光センサ２１２及び近接センサ２１４を更に含むことができる。測位システム（例えば、ＧＰＳ受信機）、温度センサ、生体測定センサ、ジャイロスコープ、コンパス、加速度計などの１つ以上の他のセンサ２１６も、関連機能を助けるために周辺装置インタフェース２０６に接続される。 For example, the user device may further include a motion sensor , a light sensor and a proximity sensor coupled to the peripheral device interface to facilitate orientation sensing, light sensing and proximity sensing functions.

One or more other sensors such as positioning systems eg GPS receivers , temperature sensors, biometric sensors, gyroscopes, compasses, accelerometers, etc. are also connected to peripheral device interface to assist in related functions. いくつかの実施形態において、写真撮影及びビデオクリップの録画などのカメラ機能を助けるために、カメラサブシステム２２０及び光学センサ２２２が利用できる。１つ以上の有線通信サブシステム及び／又は無線通信サブシステム２２４を介して通信機能が容易にされることができ、それらのサブシステム２２４は、種々の通信ポート、無線周波数受信機及び送信機及び／又は光（例えば、赤外線）受信機及び送信機を含むことができる。音声認識、音声複製、デジタル記録及び電話機能などの音声有効化機能を容易にするために、オーディオサブシステム２２６がスピーカ２２８及びマイク２３０に結合できる。 In some embodiments, a camera subsystem and optical sensor can be utilized to assist camera functions such as taking pictures and recording video clips.

An audio subsystem can be coupled to the speaker and microphone to facilitate voice-enabling features such as voice recognition, voice duplication, digital recording, and telephony features. Touch screen controller can be coupled to touch screen The touch screen and the touch screen controller may contact and move using any of a plurality of touch sensing techniques such as capacitive sensing, resistive sensing, infrared sensing, surface acoustic wave technology, proximity sensor arrays, or the like.

The interruption can be detected. The memory is any electronic system, apparatus or device, magnetic system, apparatus or device, optical system, apparatus or device, electromagnetic system, apparatus or device, infrared system, apparatus or device, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, portable.

Computer Diskette Magnetic , Random Access Memory RAM Magnetic , Read Only Memory ROM Magnetic , Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EPROM Magnetic , CD, CD-R, CD-RW, It may include a portable optical disc such as a DVD, a DVD-R or a DVD-RW, a compact flash card, a secured digital card, a USB memory device, a flash memory such as a memory stick.

In some embodiments, an instruction execution system, apparatus or device such as a computer-based system, a system including a processor, or an instruction execution system, or any other system capable of retrieving instructions from an apparatus or device and executing those instructions. It can also be divided into non-transitory computer-readable storage media and non-transitory computer-readable storage media of server system For purposes of this specification, “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” includes or stores a program for use by, or in connection with, an instruction execution system, apparatus or device.

Can be any medium that can. いくつかの実施形態において、メモリ２５０は、オペレーティングシステム２５２と、通信モジュール２５４と、グラフィカルユーザインタフェースモジュール２５６と、センサ処理モジュール２５８と、電話モジュール２６０と、アプリケーションモジュール２６２とを記憶可能である。オペレーティングシステム２５２は、基本システムサービスを処理し且つハードウェア依存タスクを実行するための命令を含むことができる。通信モジュール２５４は、１つ以上の追加のデバイス、１つ以上のコンピュータ及び／又は１つ以上のサーバとの通信を容易にすることができる。グラフィカルユーザインタフェースモジュール２５６は、グラフィカルユーザインタフェース処理を容易にすることができる。センサ処理モジュール２５８は、センサに関連する処理及び機能を容易にすることができる。電話モジュール２６０は、電話に関連する処理及び機能を容易にすることができる。アプリケーションモジュール２６２は、電子メッセージ送信、ウェブブラウジング、メディア処理、ナビゲーション、撮像及び／又は他の処理及び機能のようなユーザアプリケーションの種々の機能性を容易にすることができる。 In some embodiments, memory can store operating system , communication module , graphical user interface module , sensor processing module , telephone module , and application module Operating system may include instructions for handling basic system services and performing hardware dependent tasks.

The graphical user interface module can facilitate graphical user interface processing. The sensor processing module can facilitate processing and functionality associated with the sensor. Telephone module can facilitate telephone-related processes and functions.

本明細書において説明されるように、仮想アシスタントのクライアント側機能性を提供するために、メモリ２５０は、クライアント側仮想アシスタント命令を更に記憶可能であり（例えば、仮想アシスタントクライアントモジュール２６４に）且つ種々のユーザデータ２６６（例えば、特定ユーザの語彙データ、好みデータ及び／又はユーザの電子アドレス帳、トゥドゥリスト、買い物リストなどのような他のデータ）を記憶可能である。 Memory may further store client-side virtual assistant instructions eg, in virtual assistant client module and various to provide client-side functionality of the virtual assistant, as described herein.

In operation, the virtual assistant client module can communicate with the virtual assistant server using the communication subsystem In addition, the virtual assistant client module can communicate with other devices, such as home automation equipment, thereby exerting a physical effect eg, unlocking a door on the physical world, or such. It can also be embedded in any device. Various sensors, subsystems and peripherals are available to do this.

In some embodiments, the virtual assistant client module can provide contextual information, or a subset thereof, with user input to the virtual assistant server to help infer the user’s intent. The virtual assistant can use the contextual information to determine how to create and supply output to the user. As described in more detail below, the contextual information can be further used by the user device or server system to determine whether the user spoken input was directed to the virtual assistant and to determine an appropriate response.

いくつかの実施形態において、ユーザ入力に付随する文脈情報は、照明、周囲の騒音、周囲の温度などのセンサ情報、周囲環境の画像又は映像、別の物体までの距離などを含むことができる。文脈情報は、ユーザデバイス１０２の物理的状態（例えば、デバイスの向き、デバイスの場所、デバイスの温度、電力レベル、速度、加速度、運動パターン、セルラ信号強度など）又はユーザデバイス１０２のソフトウェア状態（例えば、実行中の処理、インストール済プログラム、過去及び現在のネットワーク活動、バックグラウンドサービス、エラー記録、資源利用率、フロントモーストアプリケーションなど）と関連付けられた情報を更に含むことができる。これらの種類の文脈情報はいずれも、ユーザ入力と関連する文脈情報として仮想アシスタントサーバに提供できる。更に、文脈情報は、脈拍、手のひらの温度、音声品質、顔の表情などの生体測定ユーザデータを更に含むことができる。 In some embodiments, contextual information associated with user input can include sensor information such as lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or video of the ambient environment, distance to another object, and the like.

The contextual information may be the physical state of the user device eg, device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, velocity, acceleration, motion pattern, cellular signal strength, etc.

or user device software state eg, device state. Any of these types of contextual information can be provided to the virtual assistant server as contextual information associated with user input. In addition, the contextual information may further include biometric user data such as pulse, palm temperature, voice quality, facial expression, and the like.

いくつかの実施形態において、仮想アシスタントクライアントモジュール２６４は、仮想アシスタントサーバからの要求に応答して、ユーザデバイス１０２に記憶されている情報（例えば、ユーザデータ２６６）を選択的に提供可能である。仮想アシスタントクライアントモジュール２６４は、仮想アシスタントサーバ１１４による要求に応じて、自然言語会話インタフェース又は他のユーザインタフェースを介してユーザから追加入力を更に引き出せる。ユーザ要求の中で表現されるユーザの意図の推測及び／又は実現に際して仮想アシスタントサーバ１１４を助けるために、仮想アシスタントクライアントモジュール２６４は、追加入力を仮想アシスタントサーバ１１４へ送信可能である。 In some embodiments, the virtual assistant client module can selectively provide information eg, user data stored on the user device in response to a request from the virtual assistant server.

Virtual assistant client module can further derive additional input from a user via a natural language conversation interface or other user interface as requested by virtual assistant server 種々の実施形態において、メモリ２５０は先に挙げた命令以外の命令又はそれより少ない数の命令を含むことができる。更に、ユーザデバイス１０２の種々の機能は、１つ以上の信号処理回路及び／又は特定アプリケーション向け集積回路を含めて、ハードウェアで及び／又はファームウェアで実現可能である。 In various embodiments, memory may contain instructions other than those listed above or a smaller number of instructions.

仮想アシスタントを動作させるための処理 図３は、種々の実施形態に係る文脈情報を使用してユーザ入力（例えば、ユーザ発話入力）を選択的に処理し且つそれに応答するために実行できる例示的な処理３００を示す。いくつかの実施形態において、処理３００は、図１に示されるシステム１００に類似するシステム又はそれと同一のシステムを使用して実行できる。 Processes for Operating a Virtual Assistant FIG. The process is shown. In some embodiments, process can be performed using a system similar to or the same as system shown in FIG. ブロック３０２において、ユーザデバイスでオーディオ入力が受信できる。オーディオ入力は、音楽、ユーザの声、背景騒音、それらの組み合わせなどの何らかの検出可能な音を含むことができる。いくつかの実施形態において、ユーザデバイス（例えば、ユーザデバイス１０２）は、ユーザの自然言語音声を含むオーディオ入力をマイク（例えば、マイク２３０）を介して受信可能である。マイクは、音声入力をアナログ表現又はデジタル表現に変換し、音声データを１つ以上のプロセッサ（例えば、プロセッサ２０４）に提供可能である。図には、ブロック３０２は処理３００の他のブロックとは別であるように示されているが、いくつかの実施形態において、処理３００のその他のブロックのうちいくつか又はすべてが実行中である間に、オーディオ入力はブロック３０２で継続的に受信されていることも可能であることを理解すべきである。 At block , audio input can be received at a user device.

The audio input can include any detectable sound such as music, the user’s voice, background noise, combinations thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, the user device eg, user device is capable of receiving audio input that includes the user’s natural language speech via a microphone eg, microphone The microphone can convert voice input into an analog or digital representation and provide voice data to one or more processors eg, processor Although the block is shown in the figure as separate from the other blocks of the process , in some embodiments some or all of the other blocks of the process are executing.

In the meanwhile, it should be appreciated that the audio input may also be continuously received at block ブロック３０４において、ユーザ発話入力を含むか又は含む可能性があるオーディオ入力のセグメントを識別するために、ブロック３０２で受信されたオーディオ入力が監視できる。いくつかの実施形態において、これは、オーディオ入力中のユーザ発話入力の始点及び終点を識別するためにオーディオ入力の１つ以上の特性を監視することを含むことができる。始点及び終点は、ユーザ音声をオーディオ入力中の背景雑音から区別するためにオーディオ入力のエネルギー特徴（例えば、短時間エネルギー及び零交差率）に依存するアルゴリズムのような何らかの周知の始点／終点指定アルゴリズムを使用して識別できる。いくつかの実施形態において、ユーザデバイスのプロセッサは、十分に高いエネルギーを有し且つユーザ音声の零交差率特性を有するオーディオ入力セグメントを識別するために、デバイスのマイクから受信されたオーディオデータのエネルギーを解析可能である。他の実施形態において、ユーザデバイスは、ユーザ発話入力の始点及び終点を判定可能な遠隔サーバ（例えば、仮想アシスタントサーバ１１４）へオーディオデータを送信可能である。 At block , the audio input received at block may be monitored to identify a segment of the audio input that includes or may include user speech input.

In some embodiments, this may include monitoring one or more characteristics of the audio input to identify the starting and ending points of the user speech input during the audio input. Can be identified using. In some embodiments, the processor of the user device has an energy of audio data received from the microphone of the device to identify an audio input segment having a sufficiently high energy and having a zero crossing rate characteristic of the user voice. Can be analyzed.

In other embodiments, the user device can send audio data to a remote server eg, virtual assistant server that can determine the start and end points of the user utterance input. いくつかの実施形態において、ブロック３０４は、検出されたユーザ発話入力に対して音声／テキスト変換動作をデバイスでローカルに実行するか、あるいはそのような動作を実行可能な遠隔サーバへオーディオデータを送信することにより実行することを更に含むことができる。他の実施形態では、ブロック３０４は音声／テキスト変換動作を実行することを含まなくてもよい。その代わりに、音声／テキスト変換動作は、ブロック３０８で仮想アシスタントがユーザ発話入力に応答すると判定された後にブロック３１２で実行できる。 In some embodiments, block performs a voice-to-text conversion operation locally on the device for the detected user utterance input, or sends audio data to a remote server capable of performing such an operation.

The method may further include performing by executing. Alternatively, the voice-to-text conversion operation may be performed at block after it is determined at block that the virtual assistant is responsive to user spoken input. ブロック３０６において、ブロック３０４でオーディオ入力を監視する間にユーザ発話入力が識別されたか否かが判定できる。ユーザ発話入力が識別されなかった場合、処理はブロック３０４に戻ることができる。しかし、ユーザ発話入力が識別された場合、処理はブロック３０８へ進むことができる。 At block , it may be determined whether user spoken input was identified while monitoring the audio input at block If no user speech input was identified, processing may return to block However, if a user speech input has been identified, processing may proceed to block ブロック３０８において、ブロック３０４で識別されたユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられた否か（例えば、ユーザが仮想アシスタントに向けてユーザ発話入力を発し、そのユーザ発話入力に基づいて仮想アシスタントがタスクを実行するか又は応答を提供することを期待しているか否か）を文脈情報に基づいて判定することにより、仮想アシスタントがユーザ発話入力に応答すべきか否かが判定できる。ユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられた否かを判定するためにブロック３０８で使用できる文脈情報の種々の供給源の例は、以下に説明される。ブロック３０８は、ユーザデバイス、遠隔サーバ（例えば、仮想アシスタントサーバ１１４）又はそれらの組み合わせにおいて実行可能である。 At block , whether the user utterance input identified at block is directed to the virtual assistant eg, the user utters the user utterance input to the virtual assistant and the virtual assistant performs a task based on the user utterance input.

Whether or not the virtual assistant should respond to the user’s utterance input can be determined by determining whether to execute or to provide a response based on the contextual information.

Examples of various sources of contextual information that can be used at block to determine if user speech input was directed to a virtual assistant are described below. Block can be performed at a user device, a remote server eg, virtual assistant server , or a combination thereof. いくつかの実施形態において、ユーザがユーザ発話入力を仮想アシスタントに向ける意図した尤度又は信頼スコアを判定することにより、仮想アシスタントがユーザ発話入力に応答すべきか否かを判定するために、確率システムを使用することができる。確率システムは、ニューラルネットワークなどの機械学習システム又は分類器を含むことができる。更に、確率システムは、フィードバックループを使用して学習し、ユーザに適応できる。このような確率システムの実施形態では、尤度又は信頼スコアは、ユーザがユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられた計算上の確率の数値表現又は他の表現を含むことができる。その場合、仮想アシスタントがユーザ発話入力に応答すべきか否かを判定するために、計算上の尤度又は信頼スコアは閾値と比較できる。例えば、計算上の尤度又は信頼スコアが閾値より大きい場合、ユーザ発話入力は仮想アシスタントに向けられたと判定できる。しかし、計算上の尤度又は信頼スコアが閾値以下である場合、ユーザ発話入力は仮想アシスタントに向けられなかったと判定できる。 In some embodiments, a probabilistic system for determining whether a virtual assistant should respond to a user utterance input by determining an intended likelihood or confidence score for the user to direct the user utterance input to the virtual assistant.

Can be used. The probabilistic system can include a machine learning system such as a neural network or a classifier. In addition, stochastic systems can be trained and adapted to users using feedback loops. In such probabilistic system embodiments, the likelihood or confidence score may include a numerical or other representation of the computational probability that the user’s utterance input was directed to a virtual assistant.

In that case, the calculated likelihood or confidence score can be compared to a threshold to determine whether the virtual assistant should respond to user speech input. For example, if the calculated likelihood or confidence score is greater than a threshold, then it can be determined that the user utterance input was directed to a virtual assistant.

However, if the calculated likelihood or confidence score is less than or equal to the threshold, then it can be determined that the user utterance input was not directed to the virtual assistant. A positive contribution represents a type of contextual information that suggests that the user utterance input was directed to a virtual assistant, and a negative contribution is a type of contextual information that suggests that the user utterance input was not directed to a virtual assistant.

Therefore, a large P value indicates that the intended likelihood that the user utterance input is directed to the virtual assistant is high, and a small value or a negative value P indicates that the intended likelihood that the user utterance input is directed to the virtual assistant is low. I can show that The weights or values that each contextual information contribution adds to the likelihood or confidence score determination can be uniform or non-uniform.

Moreover, the weight or value that each contribution adds to the determination of the likelihood or confidence score can depend on the value of the particular contextual information type. For example, contrary to the previous example, a positive contribution represents some kind of contextual information that suggests that the user utterance input was not directed to the virtual assistant, and a negative contribution is that the user utterance input was directed to the virtual assistant.

It can represent the kind of contextual information that suggests that it has been done. In another example, the contributions from different types of contextual information can all be positive, with large positive values suggesting that the user utterance input was or was not directed to the virtual assistant.

Indicates that In yet another example, the contributions from different types of contextual information can all be negative, with large negative values indicating that the user utterance input was or was not directed to the virtual assistant.

Show what you suggest. 他の実施形態において、ユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられた否かを判定するために文脈情報に基づく何らかの数の条件付き規則を評価することにより、仮想アシスタントがユーザ発話入力に応答すべきか否かを判定するために規則依存システムが使用できる。いくつかの実施形態において、規則依存システムは決定木の使用を含むことができる。他の実施形態では、規則依存システムにより使用される規則はユーザの挙動に基づいて学習されてもよい。規則依存システムの一例を示すために、第１の規則は、ユーザがデバイスに向かい合っており且つユーザの声の音量が音量の閾値を超える場合、ユーザはユーザ発話入力は仮想アシスタントに向けられたと判定できるという条件を含むことができる。第２の規則は、ユーザのカレンダーに従って、ユーザが会議に出席中である場合、ユーザはユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられなかったと判定できるという条件を含むことができる。ユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられたこと又は向けられなかったことをデバイスに決定させるために、何らかの数の文脈情報によって決まる任意の数の条件を含む他の類似の規則が使用できる。いくつかの実施形態において、複数の規則が真であると評価される場合、ブロック３０８で実行される判定動作の結果としてランクの高い規則の結果を使用できるように、規則がランク付け可能である。更に、いくつかの実施形態において、どの規則も真であると評価されない場合、ユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられた（又はユーザ発話入力が仮想アシスタントに向けられなかった）というデフォルト判定が下される。 In another embodiment, whether the virtual assistant should respond to the user utterance input by evaluating some number of conditional rules based on contextual information to determine whether the user utterance input was directed to the virtual assistant.

A rule-dependent system can be used to determine if. In some embodiments, the rule-based system can include the use of decision trees. In other embodiments, the rules used by the rule dependency system may be learned based on user behavior. To illustrate one example of a rule-dependent system, the first rule is that if the user is facing the device and the volume of the user’s voice exceeds a volume threshold, then the user determines that the user’s utterance input was directed to a virtual assistant.

Osaka University Department of electrical engineering assistant. Waseda University Department of science and engineering, Assistant. Development of new electric wireless seawater communication.

MOSFET on polycrystalline diamond. Vertically oriented graphite layers on diamond substrate. Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond as a p-type transparent electrode.

Fluorine-Terminated Polycrystalline Diamond Solution-Gate Field-Effect Transistor Sensor with Smaller Amount of Unexpectedly Generated Fluorocarbon Film Fabricated by Fluorine Gas Treatment. View Summary. In this study, a partially fluorine-terminated solution-gate field-effect transistor sensor with a smaller amount of unexpectedly generated fluorohydrocarbon film on a polycrystalline diamond channel is described. A conventional method utilizing inductively coupled plasma with fluorocarbon gas leads the hydrogen-terminated diamond to transfer to a partially fluorine-terminated diamond C-F diamond ; an unexpected fluorohydrocarbon film is formed on the surface of the diamond.

To overcome this issue, we newly applied fluorine gas for the fluoridation of the diamond. Analytical results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry suggest that the fluorocarbon film does not exist or only a smaller amount of fluorocarbon film exists on the diamond surface. Conversely, the C-F diamond fabricated by the conventional method of inductively coupled plasma with a perfluoropropane gas C3F8 gas source possesses a certain amount of fluorocarbon film on its surface.

The C-F diamond with a smaller amount of unexpectedly generated fluorohydrocarbon film possesses nearly ideal drain-source-voltage vs. gate-source-current characteristics, corresponding to metal-oxide-silicon semiconductor field-effect transistor theory.

The results indicate that the fluorine gas F-2 gas treatment proposed in this study effectively fabricates a C-F diamond sensor without unexpected semiconductor damage. Crystal analysis of grain boundaries in boron-doped diamond superconducting quantum interference devices operating above liquid helium temperature.

Aoi Morishita, Shotaro Amano, Ikuto Tsuyuzaki, Taisuke Kageura, Yasuhiro Takahashi, Minoru Tachiki, Shuuichi Ooi, Miwako Takano, Shunichi Arisawa, Yoshihiko Takano, Hiroshi Kawarada. Low ON-Resistance 2. Jun Tsunoda, Masayuki Iwataki, Kiyotaka Horikawa, Shotaro Amano, Kosuke Ota, Atsushi Hiraiwa, Hiroshi Kawarada. Space-charge-controlled field emission analysis of current conduction in amorphous and crystallized atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 on GaN.

Drain Current Density Over 1. Shoichiro Imanishi, Ken Kudara, Hitoshi Ishiwata, Kiyotaka Horikawa, Shotaro Amano, Masayuki Iwataki, Aoi Morishita, Atsushi Hiraiwa, Hiroshi Kawarada. IEEE Electron Device Letters 42 2 – Rie Y. Umetsu, Satoshi Semboshi, Yoshifuru Mitsui, Hirokazu Katsui, Yoshito Nozaki, Isamu Yuitoo, Teruaki Takeuchi, Mikiko Saito, Hiroshi Kawarada.

Materials Transactions 62 5 – The MnAlGe film fabricated by low-temperature substrate heating demonstrated amorphous phase and paramagnetic property. Microstructural observation indicated that the c-axis oriented grains were isolated in the matrix of the amorphous phase. The film lost the c-axis orientation at elevated substrate heating temperature, resulting in loss of the anisotropic magnetic property. Postdeposition annealing effect on the reliability of atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 films on GaN.

Application of 2DHG Diamond p-FET in Cascode With Normally-OFF Operation and a Breakdown Voltage of Over 1. Te Bi, Junxiong Niu, Nobutaka Oi, Masafumi Inaba, Toshio Sasaki, Hiroshi Kawarada. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 67 10 – Applied Physics Letters 26 – Applied Physics Letters 21 – Masayuki Iwataki, Nobutaka Oi, Kiyotaka Horikawa, Shotaro Amano, Jun Nishimura, Taisuke Kageura, Masafumi Inaba, Atsushi Hiraiwa, Hiroshi Kawarada.

IEEE Electron Device Letters 41 1 – Masafumi Inaba, Takumi Ochiai, Kazuyoshi Ohara, Ryogo Kato, Tasuku Maki, Toshiyuki Ohashi, Hiroshi Kawarada. Small 15 48 – Single-crystalline boron-doped diamond superconducting quantum interference devices with regrowth-induced step edge structure. Kageura Taisuke, Hideko Masakuni, Tsuyuzaki Ikuto, Morishita Aoi, Kawano Akihiro, Sasama Yosuke, Yamaguchi Takahide, Takano Yoshihiko, Tachiki Minoru, Ooi Shuuichi, Hirata Kazuto, Arisawa Shunichi, Kawarada Hiroshi.

Electrical property measurement of two-dimensional hole-gas layer on hydrogen-terminated diamond surface in vacuum-gap-gate structure. Applied Physics Letters 25 – Haruyama Moriyoshi, Onoda Shinobu, Higuchi Taisei, Kada Wataru, Chiba Atsuya, Hirano Yoshimi, Teraji Tokuyuki, Igarashi Ryuji, Kawai Sora, Kawarada Hiroshi, Ishii Yu, Fukuda Ryosuke, Tanii Takashi, Isoya Junichi, Ohshima Takeshi, Hanaizumi Osamu.

Quantum information processing requires quantum registers based on coherently interacting quantum bits. The dipolar couplings between nitrogen vacancy NV centres with nanometre separation makes them a potential platform for room-temperature quantum registers.

The fabrication of quantum registers that consist of NV centre arrays has not advanced beyond NV pairs for several years.

Further scaling up of coupled NV centres by using nitrogen implantation through nanoholes has been hampered because the shortening of the separation distance is limited by the nanohole size and ion straggling.

Here, we demonstrate the implantation of C5N4Hn from an adenine ion source to achieve further scaling. Because the C5N4Hn ion may be regarded as an ideal point source, the separation distance is solely determined by straggling. We successfully demonstrate the fabrication of strongly coupled triple NV centres. Our method may be extended to fabricate small quantum registers that can perform quantum information processing at room temperature. Point-Arc Remote Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition for High-Quality Single Crystal Diamond Selective Growth.

Wenxi Fei, M. Inaba, H. Hoshino, I. Tsuyusaki, S. Kawai, M. Iwataki, Hiroshi Kawarada. physica status solidi a Normally-OFF Two-Dimensional Hole Gas Diamond MOSFETs Through Nitrogen-Ion Implantation. Nobutaka Oi, Takuya Kudo, Masafumi Inaba, Satoshi Okubo, Shinobu Onoda, Atsushi Hiraiwa, Hiroshi Kawarada. IEEE Electron Device Letters 40 6 – Diamond is a promising material for power applications owing to its excellent physical properties. Two-dimensional hole gas 2DHG diamond metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors MOSFETs with hydrogen-terminated C-H channel have high current densities and high breakdown fields but often show normally-ON operation.

From the viewpoint of safety, normally-OFF operation is required for power applications. In this letter, we used ion implantation to form a shallow and thin nitrogen-doped layer below the C-H channel region, which realized normally OFF operation. Nitrogen-ion implanted length is fixed at 5 or 10 mu m. Nitrogen is a deep donor 1. The threshold voltage was as high as The breakdown field was 2. We confirmed the threshold voltage shift by a thin and shallow nitrogen-doped layer formed by ion implantation.

Carbon 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of realistic samples of hydrogen-terminated and oxygen-terminated CVD diamond and Shozo Kono, Taisuke Kageura, Yuya Hayashi, Sung-Gi Ri, Tokuyuki Teraji, Daisuke Takeuchi, Masahiko Ogura, Hideyuki Kodama, Atsuhito Sawabe, Masafumi Inaba, Atsushi Hiraiwa, Hiroshi Kawarada. Diamond and Related Materials 93 – Key factors in C 1s photoelectron spectroscopy for realistic samples of single crystal diamonds are remarked.

Basic equations for angle-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy applied to single crystal diamond samples are described in Appendix A. Carbon 1s photoelectron spectroscopic works so far reported for hydrogen-terminated and oxygen-terminated diamond and samples were reviewed placing special attention on surface C 1s components with reference to the key factors.

The results showed diversity in C 1s photoelectron spectra so far reported. We had three specific subjects of the study in C 1s XPS; the first is that we have reconfirmed the phenomenon that surface conductive layers resumed when smooth non-doped CVD C -O samples were annealed in vacuum [Diam.

A single C 1s XPS surface component was found for a smooth C -O sample before the vacuum-anneal, which was attributed to surface carbon atoms in C—O—H bonding. The second subject is that dependence of C 1s XPS spectra on surface sensitivity has been measured for all the samples with different surface roughness of C -O, C -O, C -H, and C -H.

The results were converted to the energy difference between the Fermi-level Ef and valence band maximum Ev on the probing depth from the surface. All the samples showed downward bending of Ev toward the surface. For the C -H samples, this was a reconfirmation of previous work [Surf. For the C -H and C -H samples, various degrees of downward band bending toward surface were observed and analyzed with two-dimensional band simulation. It was concluded that another source of holes such as shallow acceptors is present in a deeper region of the surface in addition to holes very close to surface caused by the charge-transfer-doping.

Nitrogen-Terminated Diamond Surface for Nanoscale NMR by Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. Kawai Sora, Yamano Hayate, Sonoda Takahiro, Kato Kanami, Buendia Jorge J, Kageura Taisuke, Fukuda Ryosuke, Okada Takuma, Tanii Takashi, Higuchi Taisei, Haruyama Moriyoshi, Yamada Keisuke, Onoda Shinobu, Ohshima Takeshi, Kada Wataru, Hanaizumi Osamu, Stacey Alastair, Teraji Tokuyuki, Kono Shozo, Isoya Junichi, Kawarada Hiroshi.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 6 – The nitrogen-vacancy NV center in diamond is the most promising candidate for quantum sensing because of its beneficial properties. For quantum-sensing applications, a shallow NV center is critical for approximating the sensing target on a diamond surface. Such shallow NV centers are strongly affected by the diamond surface termination. The properties of shallow NV centers in hydrogen-, oxygen-, and fluorine-terminated diamond have been well studied.

In recent years, silicon-terminated diamond has also been investigated; however, the effect of silicon-terminated diamond on the properties of shallow NV centers remains unclear. Recently, the suitability of nitrogen-terminated diamond for shallow NV centers has been theoretically and experimentally examined; however, quantum sensing has not yet been performed.

In this work, we evaluated the effect of silicon and nitrogen termination on shallow NV centers. The negatively charged state of shallow NV centers was unstable below silicon termination.

In contrast, the properties of shallow NV centers in nitrogen-terminated diamond were satisfactory for quantum sensing and enabled H-1 NMR detection. Our results are in good agreement with previous reports on silicon and nitrogen terminations and provide the perspective that the stability of shallow NV centers highly depends on the polarity of electron affinity of the diamond surface.

Carboxyl-functionalized graphene SGFET: pH sensing mechanism and reliability of anodization. Carbon Nanotube Forests on SiC: Structural and Electrical Properties. Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials – [Refereed]. Imanishi, Shoichiro, Horikawa, Kiyotaka, Oi, Nobutaka, Okubo, Satoshi, Kageura, Taisuke, Hiraiwa, Atsushi, Kawarada, Hiroshi.

Ieee Electron Device Letters 40 2 – [Refereed]. Deoxyribonucleic-acid-sensitive Polycrystalline Diamond Solution-gate 3 Field-effect Transistor with Carboxyl-terminated boron-doped 4 Channel.

Irradiation-Induced Modification of the Superconducting Properties of Heavily-Boron-Doped Diamond. Creedon, D. Ionic-liquid-gating setup for stable measurements and reduced electronic inhomogeneity at low temperatures. Takahide, Yamaguchi, Sasama, Yosuke, Takeya, Hiroyuki, Takano, Yoshihiko, Kageura, Taisuke, Kawarada, Hiroshi.

Review of Scientific Instruments 89 10 [Refereed]. Superconductivity in nano- and micro-patterned high quality single crystalline boron-doped diamond films. Kageura, Taisuke, Hideko, Masakuni, Tsuyuzaki, Ikuto, Amano, Shotaro, Morishita, Aoi, Yamaguchi, Takahide, Takano, Yoshihiko, Kawarada, Hiroshi. Diamond and Related Materials 90 – [Refereed].

Syamsul, Mohd, Oi, Nobutaka, Okubo, Satoshi, Kageura, Taisuke, Kawarada, Hiroshi. Ieee Electron Device Letters 39 1 51 – 54 [Refereed]. The exceptional performance of diamond-based field-effect transistor technology is not restricted to devices that use single crystalline diamond alone.

This letter explores the full potential of the heteroepitaxial diamond field-effect transistor HED-FET. This letter represents a significant step toward the realization of the potential of widely available heteroepitaxial diamond for use in FET applications.

In-plane electrical conduction mechanisms of highly dense carbon nanotube forests on silicon carbide. Matsuda, Keita, Norimatsu, Wataru, Bao, Jianfeng, Kawarada, Hiroshi, Kusunoki, Michiko.

We have investigated the length-dependence of the in-plane electrical resistivity of vertically aligned and highly dense carbon nanotube CNT films that were dense enough to conduct electrons.

The in-plane conductivity is well accounted for by a combination of inter-tube hopping variable range hopping, VRH and graphitic conduction. VRH conduction was dominant in the thinner CNT films, and the films showed negative temperature dependence of resistivity. The dimension of the VRH component varied depending on the CNT length. In the thicker CNT films, the graphitic conduction appeared, and then, the localization length spread, leading to the positive temperature dependence of resistivity.

This behavior can be explained by the presence of a labyrinthine arrangement of graphene walls among aligned CNTs, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations. Hiraiwa, Atsushi, Sasaki, Toshio, Okubo, Satoshi, Horikawa, Kiyotaka, Kawarada, Hiroshi. Atomic-layer-deposited ALD Al2O3 films are the most promising surface passivation and gate insulation layers in non-Si semiconductor devices. Here, we carried out an extensive study on the time-dependent dielectric breakdown characteristics of ALD-Al2O3 films formed on homo-epitaxial GaN substrates using two different oxidants at two different ALD temperatures.

The breakdown times were approximated by Weibull distributions with average shape parameters of 8 or larger. These values are reasonably consistent with percolation theory predictions and are sufficiently large to neglect the wear-out lifetime distribution in assessing the long-term reliability of the Al2O3 films.

This exponential relationship disproves the correlation between the lifetime and the leakage current. This result agrees with that from a previous study, thereby ruling out high-temperature O3 ALD as a gate insulation process. However, this target is accomplished by a relatively narrow margin and, therefore, improvements in the lifetime are expected to be made, along with efforts to decrease the density of extrinsic Al2O3 defects, if any, to promote the practical use of ALD Al2O3 films.

Electrical contact properties between carbon nanotube ends and a conductive atomic force microscope tip. Inaba, Masafumi, Ohara, Kazuyoshi, Shibuya, Megumi, Ochiai, Takumi, Yokoyama, Daisuke, Norimatsu, Wataru, Kusunoki, Michiko, Kawarada, Hiroshi. Role of Carboxyl and Amine Termination on a Boron-Doped Diamond Solution Gate Field Effect Transistor SGFET for pH Sensing.

Falina, Shaili, Kawai, Sora, Oi, Nobutaka, Yamano, Hayate, Kageura, Taisuke, Suaebah, Evi, Inaba, Masafumi, Shintani, Yukihiro, Syamsul, Mohd, Kawarada, Hiroshi. Vertical-type two-dimensional hole gas diamond metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. Oi, Nobutaka, Inaba, Masafumi, Okubo, Satoshi, Tsuyuzaki, Ikuto, Kageura, Taisuke, Onoda, Shinobu, Hiraiwa, Atsushi, Kawarada, Hiroshi.

Lithographically engineered shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for external nuclear spin sensing. Fukuda, Ryosuke, Balasubramanian, Priyadharshini, Higashimata, Itaru, Koike, Godai, Okada, Takuma, Kagami, Risa, Teraji, Tokuyuki, Onoda, Shinobu, Haruyama, Moriyoshi, Yamada, Keisuke, Inaba, Masafumi, Yamano, Hayate, Stuerner, Felix M.

New Journal of Physics 20 8 – [Refereed]. Sheet resistance underneath the Au ohmic-electrode on hydrogen-terminated surface-conductive diamond DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS 80 93 – 98 The sheet resistance R-sk underneath ohmic Au-electrodes on hydrogen-terminated surface-conductive diamond surfaces was examined by a special current-voltage measurement. It has been found that R-sk is about similar to times larger than the sheet resistance, R-sh, in the open areas without Au-electrodes.

The specific contact resistance, R-c, of ohmic Au-electrodes on H-terminated surface-conductive diamonds as determined by linear transmission line models must be corrected accordingly. As the results of this, R-c is suggested to be of the order of 1 x 10 -3 -1 X 10 -4 Omega CM2.

Fabrication of photo-electrochemical biosensors for ultrasensitive screening of mono-bioactive molecules: the effect of geometrical structures and crystal surfaces.

Naeem Akhtar, Mohammed Y. Emran, Mohamed A. Shenashen, Hesham Khalifa, Tetsuya Osaka, Ahmed Faheem, Takayuki Homma, Hiroshi Kawarada, Sherif A. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B 5 39 – The controlled design of biosensors based on the photo-electrochemical technique with high selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid response for monitoring of mono-bioactive molecules, particularly dopamine DA levels in neuronal cells is highly necessary for clinical diagnosis.

Hierarchical carbon-, nitrogen-doped CN nickel oxide spear thistle ST flowers associated in single-heads S , and symmetric and asymmetric-double heads D and A, respectively that are tightly connected through a micrometric dipole-like rod or trunk were fabricated by using a simple synthetic protocol.

The CN-ST flower heads were decorated with dense nanotubular like hedgehog needle skins in vertical alignments. These designated architectures are key features for creating biosensor surface electrodes for photo-electrochemical, ultrasensitive screening of mono-bioactive molecules.

The exceptional electrode designs produced numerous catalytically active sites, large surface area, and high electron-transfer mobility.

The active coating of carbon-nitrogen nanospheres significantly enhanced the photo-electrocatalytic activity of the prepared biosensor electrodes and prevented leakage of photocatalytic activity under long-term exposure to irradiation.

Among all photo-electrochemical assays, the biosensors showed significant sensitivity and selectivity for DA in the presence of interfering molecules such as ascorbic acid AA , uric acid UA , adrenaline A , and noradrenaline NA.

Furthermore, the CN-SST photo-biosensor electrode shows potential in the selective and sensitive determination of DA in real samples, such as human serum and secreted DA from living cells. This finding indicates that the hierarchical ST biosensor may enable analytical discrimination and monitoring of DA and can be employed for clinical diagnosis application.

Polycrystalline Boron-doped diamond electrolyte-solution-gate field-effect transistor for an application to the measurement of water percentage in ethanol. Analytical Sciences 33 10 – A polycrystalline diamond electrolyte-solution-gate field-effect transistor BDD-SGFET was successfully applied to the analysis of water content in ethanol. Due to the use of a no-gate-insulator FET, the developed sensor showed a four-times-faster response than the conventional Si-FET, and a ten-times-faster response than a glass electrode.

The output voltage showed good linearity with respect to the water content. This result is of practical importance because the traditional water content measurement methods are impractical due to their slow response.

DOI PubMed. Vertical edge graphite layer on recovered diamond after high-dose ion implantation and high-temperature annealing. Masafumi Inaba, Akinori Seki, Kazuaki Sato, Tomoyoshi Kushida, Taisuke Kageura, Hayate Yamano, Atsushi Hiraiwa, Hiroshi Kawarada. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS 9 – A vertical edge graphite layer VEG fabricated on a diamond substrate and the recovery of the crystallinity of the diamond substrate following high-dose ion implantation and high-temperature annealing HTA was investigated.

The Al ions were implanted into the diamond surface at K degrees C , followed by HTA at K degrees C. The graphite edges were vertically oriented, but each domain was randomly rotated in the in-plane direction, which was confirmed via multiple cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images obtained from different directions rotated 2, 5, 10, and around the [] axis.

The Raman and photoluminescence exhibited no significant peaks. The RBS-C spectra indicate that the crystal is maintained after hot implantation and is recovered by HTA.

This VEG structure may be useful for ohmic contact with diamond electrical devices. KGaA, Weinheim. CiNii J-GLOBAL. Threshold voltage control of electrolyte solution gate field-effect transistor by electrochemical oxidation. Takuro Naramura, Masafumi Inaba, Sho Mizuno, Keisuke Igarashi, Eriko Kida, Shaili Falina Mohd Sukri, Yukihiro Shintani, Hiroshi Kawarada. Diamond electrolyte solution-gate-field effect transistors SGFETs are suitable for applications as chemical ion sensors because of their wide potential window and good physical and chemical stabilities.

In this study, we fabricated an anodically oxidized diamond SGFET from a full hydrogen-terminated diamond SGFET and demonstrated control of the device threshold voltage by irreversible anodic oxidation. The applied anodic bias voltage V-AO was varied gradually from low to high 1. As the anodic oxidation proceeded, the threshold voltage shifted to more negative values with no degradation of hole mobility.

Thus, anodic oxidation is a useful method for controlling the threshold voltage of diamond SGFETs. Published by AIP Publishing. Aptamer-Based Carboxyl-Terminated Nanocrystalline Diamond Sensing Arrays for Adenosine Triphosphate Detection.

Evi Suaebah, Takuro Naramura, Miho Myodo, Masataka Hasegawa, Shuichi Shoji, Jorge J. Buendia, Hiroshi Kawarada. Here, we propose simple diamond functionalization by carboxyl termination for adenosine triphosphate ATP detection by an aptamer.

The high-sensitivity label-free aptamer sensor for ATP detection was fabricated on nanocrystalline diamond NCD. Carboxyl termination of the NCD surface by vacuum ultraviolet excimer laser and fluorine termination of the background region as a passivated layer were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Single strand DNA amide modification was used as the supporting biomolecule to immobilize into the diamond surface via carboxyl termination and become a double strand with aptamer.

The sensor operation was also investigated by the field-effect characteristics. The shift of the drain current-drain voltage characteristics was used as the indicator for detection of ATP. From the field-effect characteristics, the shift of the drain current-drain voltage was observed in the negative direction. The negative charge direction shows that the aptamer is capable of detecting ATP.

The ability of the sensor to detect ATP was investigated by fabricating a field-effect transistor on the modified NCD surface.

High Voltage Stress Induced in Transparent Polycrystalline Diamond Field-Effect Transistor and Enhanced Endurance Using Thick Al2O3 Passivation Layer. Mohd Syamsul, Yuya Kitabayashi, Takuya Kudo, Daisuke Matsumura, Hiroshi Kawarada.

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 38 5 – A transparent polycrystalline diamond field-effect transistor FET was fabricated and measured in room temperature measurements, which reveals comparatively high maximum current density and high breakdown voltage of more than V.

 
 

Details of a Researcher – KAWARADA, Hiroshi

 
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