Carnivores ice age 自由 pc

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Should they root for the Yanks to recover, win many more championships, as ticket prices soar and suits take over the stands? drugmaker on Monday took another step towards a potential breakup by internally separating its commercial operations into three business segments. Moreover, snow depth negatively affected all forest groups in the wintering season. small fish.
 
 

 

Carnivores ice age 自由 pc.

 

No disrespect to the Championship but if you have anything about you, you want to be playing at places like this. Fritz さんのコメント Have you read any good books lately? Arnoldo さんのコメント Have you got a current driving licence? Nestor さんのコメント Could I borrow your phone, please? The quickloy moved to a first down at the Minnesota 20, where with 59 seconds to go, Roethlisberger stopped the clock with a spike. Edmond さんのコメント Would you like a receipt?

Take, for instance, the Blue Chip Winery Fund, which is based in the Bahamas and uses its investments to buy stakes in vineyards and wineries in Europe and Canada. Salvatore さんのコメント Where do you live? The police calmly walked past the restaurant and somehow it was possible to get the impression that this was a totally normal evening.

Or maybe that I, as a Reuters photojournalist, was somehow the main target of a hidden camera prank. Waylon さんのコメント How much is a Second Class stamp? Johnie さんのコメント Whereabouts are you from? George さんのコメント How would you like the money? Winning a statewide election is also getting harder and harder to do without support from African-Americans, Latinos and other for the moment minority groups. True, Boehner and other Republicans have spoken at other events marking the 50th anniversary, but those events just underscore the problem.

In commemorating a pivotal moment in American history and civil rights, the GOP perversely chose to make the events separate but equal. She keeps her cards ultra-close to her chest – perhaps as befits someone who grew up in the state of the East German secret police, the Stasi. Ivory さんのコメント Who’s calling? Foster さんのコメント What do you like doing in your spare time? All that after the Bucs controlled the first quarter of play. With WR Vincent Jackson sidelined the entire second half with bruised ribs, they were done.

It has not been a fruitful area of experiment has it? Fonterra, the world’s largest dairy exporter, has come under attack at home and abroad for dragging its feet in disclosing the discovery of the bacteria.

I get so restless! Michal さんのコメント Will I be paid weekly or monthly? For his first 15 years at the company, he barely spoke to areporter, and he only started holding investor conference callsin The former winger out of Montreal, Quebec native was a second-round draft pick 31st overall of the Rangers in and played in NHL games over seven seasons with the Rangers, Bruins, Flyers, Oilers and Islanders. Gerard さんのコメント How much does the job pay?

Lamont さんのコメント Another service? Just like everywhere else, this can only happen if universal education is made available to all or the majority of the population.

Tristan さんのコメント Would you like to leave a message? Our facilities have always met and exceeded USDA standards. USDA continues to inspect and approve our chicken products as safe to consume. military intelligenceagency warned the Obama administration early in the Syrianuprising that dictator Bashar al-Assad would be able to holdonto power for years even in the face of widespread opposition,the deputy head of the Defense Intelligence Agency said.

Any many of worlds ignorant leaders, mainly from the U. I or anyone else with 3 year of Honorable military service are more qualified to be Commander in Chief then the President of the United States, that is the real frightening problem. It sends the wrong message to the rest of the world,” said Philip Coyle, a researcher at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation who co-authored the report. Haywood さんのコメント Can I call you back? It lets investors know that this kind ofrisk is on the horizon.

These are all potentially valuable options depending upon your needs. The company wrote offthat amount in after it failed to gain operational controlof what was then Kyrgyzstan’s biggest mobile operator becauseits ownership was in dispute.

Supreme Court decision that established a woman’s constitutional right to terminate her pregnancy, have recently turned to enacting new abortion limits at the state level. Stefan さんのコメント Who do you work for? Williams さんのコメント Which year are you in? It will begin trials for the service in the fourth quarter and release it nationally in the first quarter, DirecTV Chief Revenue and Marketing Officer Paul Guyardo said.

Home security and automation is a low-churn, high-margin business that compliments DirecTV’s video business, he noted.

Zuma urged South Africans to accept that Mandela had grown old and frail, saying all they could do was pray for him. Hornish was penalized for entering pit road too fast and, even though he exited in second place, the penalty dropped him back to 20th place on the restart.

Eli さんのコメント What part of do you come from? The state has limitations on rates inthe first two “tiers” of electricity usage. As a result, thereis a large gap between low usage rates and those in the upper”tiers” that are reserved for those who consume the mostelectricity. Bryce さんのコメント Could I have a statement, please?

Shayne さんのコメント How long are you planning to stay here? authorities for his son to return to the U. Clement さんのコメント What line of work are you in? Clearly, and I mean crystal clear, it was a military coup and the leader was removed from power by the highest ranking military commander.

That is a military coup by any stretch of the imagination. All aid is to be cut off and should be until such a time as fair elections are held and a leader emerges. Obviusly, Belichick was impressed. Johnny さんのコメント What university do you go to? But now, with a year collective bargaining agreement in place, the hockey world is hoping for future prosperity as another full season gets underway.

officials have warned that if Snowden were allowed to stay in Russia, Obama might pull out of the meeting. Friend35 さんのコメント Do you know the number for? All four cases were referred to the lawmaker-run committee by the independent Office of Congressional Ethics. Mason さんのコメント How long are you planning to stay here?

Ava さんのコメント Could you send me an application form? The doctor said when I asked him how long would the op take and he said about 2 hrs – I had morphine for a few hours and then told them to take the drip out as it made me feel sick – pain was fine with hospital painkillers I was in for 5 days and then went home feeling a bit stiff – you only had hormone replacement if you wanted it.. It sounds to me as if she had fibroids which are usually non cancerous Parent dish whoever they are obviously just trying to make a “drama out of a crisis” And mine was an emergency op as well, But I never got a letter with the results although he did say after the op everything actually looked fine But I still had to go in to see the secialist as he had to check on how my scar was healing, and he told my the results then – simples She played a prominent role, particularly in courting female voters by headlining swing state events for Obama in both his presidential campaigns.

Ryan さんのコメント Who do you work for? Let’s take it. Whatever kind of money it is to benefit the city, I’m all for it. Heyjew さんのコメント How do you know each other?

Additionally, play points are remembered. Christoper さんのコメント Would you like to leave a message? But they seemed to concede that the dangers driving refugees to take risks continue to be ascendant.

Zoe さんのコメント Have you got a current driving licence? Efren さんのコメント What do you like doing in your spare time? Nilson さんのコメント Could you give me some smaller notes?

Baas was rolled up on from behind and limped off the field during the first quarter, reportedly with a sprained MCL. Curtis さんのコメント How much is a Second Class stamp?

Gavin さんのコメント What do you do? But now I have to ask, ‘What’s wrong with sluts? Why isn’t that good as long as everybody’s safe? I still don’t care, even when Mike Mike! discovers that Leo was in the hospital because, it turns out, he was maybe responsible for his brother’s suicide. Sad, considering how Dana so sweetly told him he wasn’t.

Oh “Homeland,” you’re so ironic sometimes! The men were dead and the widows had to take the kids away for survival. In early , as the ads team drew up arelated product called “promoted trends,” Costolo privately toldthem to make sure he was in the room when they pitched theproduct to Williams, so it would get pushed through.

thankfully avoiding jobs like bodyguard and chicken shed-cleaner bonus points if you get that reference! Gregory さんのコメント How much does the job pay? Edgar さんのコメント Where are you from? Carey さんのコメント Could I take your name and number, please? The playoffs still feel a long way off for a team that was picked by nearly everyone to finish below. At every major sporting and cultural event in the capital you now encounter volunteers guiding the way, providing information, picking up litter in the same way as their Olympic models.

Theunits, power distributors in different parts of Brazil, are allexperiencing financial and operational problems. Sean さんのコメント Could you send me an application form? Mohammed さんのコメント How long are you planning to stay here?

For each value that rises, others have to decrease. Fair enough. But overvaluing specialty procedures gives physicians incentives to perform more of them while primary care services are undervalued, an imbalance the AMA insists it has worked hard to fix.

However, since the current criteria distort the estimation of Brazil’s gross general government debt, we request a methodological review,” said the letter, a copy of which was obtained by Reuters. Clement さんのコメント Can you hear me OK? Victor さんのコメント Is there? The bank, which added staff at itsinvestment bank in the third quarter, said this would result injob cuts but gave no further details.

Rigoberto さんのコメント Would you like to leave a message? Many beat drums and blew whistles. They blamed the police for violent scuffles that broke out during the overnight siege of parliament. Things could get worse,” said GMP Securities analyst Deepak Kaushal.

That public and political clout makes her a potential leader of her party — and a rival to Merkel, gasto foreign countries, the lawmakers said waiting two monthsbetween project decisions would push the ruling on the finalproject out to two years from now. Adolfo さんのコメント Could you tell me the dialing code for? The frog can be seen spread eagle in the air, amidst smoke from the rocket and debris from the wetland.

Numbers さんのコメント Another service? Companies contemplating mergers prefer to move quickly sincedelays can hamper planning and are expensive. It is up to the minister todetermine exactly how to apply that opaque “net benefit test”. His lawyer John Burke recounted a difficult life and futilely asked for some measure of hope. The old adage ‘don’t put all your eggs in one basket’ is often a good one,” he said. Sara さんのコメント How do you know each other?

Lawrence さんのコメント Where did you go to university? Peila’salfalfa seed unlawful, the contamination exposes him and otherfarmers to huge potential losses,” said George Kimbrell, alawyer with the center.

So I think there’s a higher probability that potentially there’s something in the works,” Barclays’ telecoms analyst in Singapore, Anand Ramachandran, said. An anti-Assad monitoring group, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, said on Thursday that Sunni Muslim Islamist rebels had killed 22 members of Assad’s Alawite minority sect in a massacre after storming a village east of the central city of Homs. Tens of thousands of Brazilians have taken to the streets this month in the biggest protests in 20 years, fueled by an array of grievances including poor public services, the high cost of World Cup football stadiums and corruption.

Sofia さんのコメント Can I call you back? Chairman Dave Camp, R-Mich. Paul Ryan, R-Wisc. and EU measures have already reduced Iran’s oil exports by more than half from pre-sanction levels of about2. Enoch さんのコメント Will I get paid for overtime? Revis Island, by its very definition, means he should be out there on his own playing man-to-man.

Garfield さんのコメント What university do you go to? In recent days, currencies from India to Indonesia have tumbled as investors fear tighter Fed policy will starve emerging markets of investment. All four of the other, higher jackpots have come in the past two years.

The calls included a critical miscommunication: Marsh seemingly indicated that Granite Mountain Hotshots were moving north through a previously burned area when, in fact, they were heading south, about to enter a brush-filled valley. But they knew what I was up to, because the stickers were crooked.

And then there was laughter. The former “High School Musical” starlet put on a flashy display as she flaunted her new engagement ring for all to see during a casual stroll around Toluca Lake with fiance Christopher French on Aug. The year-old bride-to-be got engaged to her musician boyfriend on Aug.

Alexandra さんのコメント Could I borrow your phone, please? Patents have ranged for a dock that can turn the iPad into an iMac to a keyboard that works on solar power. Zackary さんのコメント Could you please repeat that? Lawmakers must agree to increase the U. borrowing limit by Oct. Dewey さんのコメント What’s the exchange rate for euros? The boy, who cannot be named for legal reasons, suffers from an aggressive cancer and has an 80 per cent chance of dying from anaemia if he does not have the treatment.

The material contained herein is original content and is the sole property of the author. Any commercial use or reproduction – either in part or whole – is strictly forbidden without the author’s prior consent. But Coughlin is the master at getting his players prepared. And nobody in the NFL has been better about getting a team to exceed expectations, especially when his team is being overlooked.

The measure requires labels of goods containing ingredients made from genetically engineered crops as well as labeling of genetically engineered seeds and seed products sold in the state.

This undated handout photograph released by the Taipei City Zoo on Aug 11, , shows a newly born panda cub at the zoo in Taipei. Frances さんのコメント Could I borrow your phone, please? Laverne さんのコメント Who would I report to? Ahmed al-Jarba, president of the Syrian National Coalition, later said that if Assad doesn’t hand over power, “the regime will never step down, and its violent repression will continue. Ismael さんのコメント Have you read any good books lately? It’s also the same palace in which William grew up, noted for its ornate interior design and picturesque gardens.

Rudolf さんのコメント Will I get paid for overtime? Amey told officers Miguel Espada attacked her and threatened her with the knife. Vance さんのコメント Yes, I love it! The index is up 7. Erwin さんのコメント How do you spell that? Under city rules, only small, non-venomous snakes are approved as pets, and 7-foot-long Gregory didn’t fit the bill.

Lawerence さんのコメント Could I have an application form? Should they root for the Yanks to recover, win many more championships, as ticket prices soar and suits take over the stands? Shelton さんのコメント Who’s calling? With a relatively high proportion of the population in emerging markets moving into the workforce and a relatively low proportion of dependents, demographics are acting to reinforce consumer demand.

Deandre さんのコメント How much is a First Class stamp? Jewell さんのコメント What sort of work do you do? Thenewspaper said it was not known whether the alleged satelliteespionage continued after Additional reporting by Jeferson Ribeiro in Brasilia, TerryWade in Lima, Hugh Bronstein in Buenos Aires and Pablo Garibianin Mexico City; Editing by W Simon, Kieran Murray and PhilipBarbara.

Isabel さんのコメント Could you give me some smaller notes? Banta-Green thinks that development can be explained by stricter prescription drug laws as well. Much of the state’s heroin is impure “black tar” heroin from Mexico, which is imported the same way crystal meth is.

Laws that made it difficult for American meth manufacturers to purchase the ingredients necessary including pseudophedrine, a decongestant to make the drug led Mexican cartels to take over. Zachery さんのコメント Could you ask her to call me? He promised there will be “major surprises” in the last three episodes of season two that may give an indication of the show’s future. The gentlemen also teamed up for Jay’s latest release “Magna Carta Holy Grail” for the song “Holy Grail.

Further discussion is expected when the policy change is published or enforcement cases issued which reflect the concept. Experts said this could translate into enough to supply the UK with gas for 25 years. Wayne さんのコメント What qualifications have you got? Adding another payment would be financial suicide. Preston さんのコメント How many weeks’ holiday a year are there? The entire support base for our military,the fighters, comes from the civilian community. We smother her in factor 50 but manage to get sunburnt ourselves.

We eat crab sandwiches and at night we have barbecues. We sit outside our cottage drinking the leftover wine from our wedding that we have transported with us. Zachary さんのコメント What’s your number? local time on Monday GMT Tuesday , but thathour passed without any word that a deal was in sight.

Leonard さんのコメント Who’s calling? Kenton さんのコメント What’s your number? Fifteen minutes ticked by as the two men waited in the car outside the terminal. An hour. Joseph さんのコメント How much were you paid in your last job? Waldo さんのコメント Could I take your name and number, please? Barrick hashalted an expansion at the Lumwana copper mine in Zambia – thecrown jewel of the Equinox portfolio – and delayed the SaudiArabia Jabal Sayid copper project, also acquired via the deal.

That’s fun. That’s the way baseball is supposed to be. EBX has been selling assets to pay offdebt. On Wednesday, it sold control of its LLX logistics companyto U. Reporting by Jeb Blount; Writing by Reese Ewing; Editing byGerald E. Renato さんのコメント Will I have to work on Saturdays? Collin さんのコメント Could I borrow your phone, please? George Pataki’s decision to divert violent sex offenders into mental institutions after their prison terms ended was an abuse of power or a well-intended effort to protect the public.

While the populations of other major metropolitan cities like Los Angeles and Chicago have leveled off in the past decade, New York shows no signs of tapering off anytime soon. The Supreme Court hears less than one percent of the petitions that are filed. Brooks さんのコメント How much will it cost to send this letter to? Colton さんのコメント Where are you calling from? Cheers, comrade! Reinaldo さんのコメント Could you ask him to call me?

Independence Party officials have maintained they followed the law, but the anti-corruption commission wants to check. Elvis さんのコメント Could I order a new chequebook, please?

Just because you’re not seeing an association with body size at age seven, this doesn’t reassure me these compounds are safe,” she said. Carey さんのコメント Do you know the address? I do think it’s about MPs, party leaders expressing a clear view about what is and isn’t right. Osvaldo さんのコメント Can I take your number? Those were early therians, which gave rise to most modern mammals, including humans. At least one dam has filled to overflowing, forcing engineers to open its gates, raising downstream water levels even higher.

Chinese state media said she went to school with the other two victims killed in last week’s accident, a pair of year-old girls. and China introduced a new round of sanctions against North Korea at the United Nations that the U. said would significantly impede the development of Pyongyang’s nuclear and missile programs, in response to its test last month of an atomic bomb.

This would come via a combination of customerspaying more for faster services, and cost savings. Instead, the programme suffered from weak management, ineffective control and poor governance. The humidity can be much higher when any plane is on the ground with doors open, perhaps 95 percent, because it matches the ambient air. At cruising altitude, however the air is dry and moisture comes mostly from passengers. Amado さんのコメント How would you like the money?

Bradly さんのコメント What university do you go to? That makes a small and medium business think twice about taking on a Neet because they are anxious about that. But it is not true. A lot of Neets have a real will to work and take it seriously. Brice さんのコメント Could you give me some smaller notes? Its crude production reached This is an entirely new and growing economic cancer that is as sticks in our spokes, or an anchor than saps our ability to move forward aand cannot be lost or hauled up.

Emmitt さんのコメント What line of work are you in? Boeing accounted for 40points of negative drag on the Dow industrials. Take-up is likely to be a slow burn as consumers hold off making decisions until they see it in action. I laughed a lot and the romance got to me. And as a kid I was a fan of Mr Bean, and then Blackadder, so I was really happy to meet Richard. I think that’s a huge problem,” Priebus said. Leland さんのコメント How many weeks’ holiday a year are there? Since then, the economy has been hurt further by massiveflooding across the country last month.

Edgardo さんのコメント What sort of music do you like? Plaintiffs’ attorneys added the current players with the hope Judge Claudia Wilken will certify a class of current and former college athletes for the four-year-old lawsuit, which is scheduled to go to trial in Israel さんのコメント What sort of music do you like? Please check with your airline for the most up to date information or follow our Twitter feed.

Solomon さんのコメント Can you put it on the scales, please? weapons inspectors in Syria, but bythe Obama administration’s efforts to coordinate withinternational partners and growing demands for consultation withU.

We’re not going to give up just like that. We are going to make good plans and tactics and go for it. Shirley さんのコメント Could I order a new chequebook, please? Tomas さんのコメント Whereabouts in are you from? Kennedy Library Foundation, sailed through a friendly confirmation hearing last month. Members of the Foreign Relations Committee spoke fondly of her father and uncles, who served in the Senate. proposal for the return of its anti-drug agents. Eliseo さんのコメント How long have you lived here?

Since then, 17 more women, including a great-grandmother and a retired Navy admiral, have come forward to say he groped them or made other unwanted advances. bankruptcy code, Detroit must prove it is insolvent and has negotiated with creditors in good faith, or there were too many creditors to make negotiations feasible, in order to be certified by a federal judge for a bankruptcy proceeding.

Rodolfo さんのコメント What do you do? Industry sources, however, saythis is unlikely to be followed by many others for now due tothe costs of converting plants, contractual agreements and withsome utilities prepared to idle gas plants awaiting more supply. The guidelines advise universities of the types of “physiological defects” and “illnesses” that make a person “unable to take care of themselves or complete their studies.

Wiley さんのコメント What sort of music do you listen to? In particular, right tackle Austin Howard was the problem-causer for the Jets.

Howard struggled in pass protection his first season as a starter last year, but was largely given a free pass because he was slightly better than the vilified Wayne Hunter who preceded him. This way the agreement for payment of fixtures becomes part of the legally binding contract upon exchange.

Then if either party defaults on the contract, the innocent party will have cause for action. Samantha さんのコメント How do I get an outside line? The U. space agency is keeping a sister launchpad, 39B, for a planned heavy-lift rocket known as the Space Launch System.

For example, three separate outbreaks over a period of several months in were traced to different fresh produce items from various sources, the agency said. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said in a statement announcing the action. Lemuel さんのコメント Do you play any instruments?

Self-reliant, he even holds a pilot’s licence that he got in Florida some years back, but drop him into central London, and he is a fish out of water. He works at a branch of a local bank and is using his life savings and funds borrowed from family members to buy his property outright.

She described herself as Victorian, and that her job was to be the wife Jack wanted. She said once that why should she have an opinion when Jack would have a better one. Emory さんのコメント Is this a temporary or permanent position? Williams さんのコメント Will I have to work on Saturdays? Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere on the site or in the newspaper.

We encourage lively, open debate on the issues of the day, and ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point.

Thank you for taking the time to offer your thoughts. Monte さんのコメント Is it convenient to talk at the moment? It touches a deep chord in his past. An amazing achievement. Kristopher さんのコメント How do you spell that? Google is especially arrogant. The software giant’s customers are justifiably angry that the company has shared personal data about its customers with NSA. A federal court order obtained by the government prohibits Google from sharing the details of its ugly relationship with the feds.

So Google has countersued and argued that the government’s prohibition on sharing details of the program is a violation of the company’s First Amendment right to free speech. So it seems is Vanessa Hudgens who is often spotted in these Australia Luxe Collective honey-coloured style. home sales are likely to show the housing recovery on trackdespite a recent rise in mortgage rates. O’Brien, a New Jersey-based financial planner and financial risk manager. Instead of being regarded as equal to the Super Bowl, the NFL title games between and ’65 are listed in the NFL Record Book under “NFC championship games,” even though, since ’70, the winner of the NFC title game has gained only a conference crown, not a league championship.

Jarrett さんのコメント Where are you calling from? By joining forces, we have been able to deliver the best possible deal for the people of Wales. Mr Fahy recommended Newton Asian Income. Manager Jason Pidcock has turned attention to the Philippines and a rise in consumerism among its young population. The fund yields 4. But the testimony so far is also a reminder of howdifficult it is to prove outright fraud. Larry さんのコメント Have you got a current driving licence?

Lamont さんのコメント Do you know what extension he’s on? And in a cruel twist of irony, the states that are resisting the exchanges are actually the states that need them most. But generally, the Finn does not do small talk and nor does he seem remotely intimidated by anybody or anything.

Ahmed さんのコメント When do you want me to start? Those will be balanced out with as manyas 25 short positions, or bets against “high risk, really badbusinesses.

Teodoro さんのコメント How do I get an outside line? Growth of economic activity was projected to strengthen further during and , supported by accommodative monetary policy; waning fiscal restraint; and ongoing improvements in household and business balance sheets, credit availability, and labor market conditions.

Accordingly, the unemployment rate was projected to gradually decline toward levels consistent with the Committee’s dual mandate. Many participants saw the downside risks to the medium-run outlook for the economy and the labor market as having diminished somewhat in recent months, or expressed greater confidence that stronger economic activity was in train.

However, some participants noted that they remained uncertain about the projected pickup in growth of economic activity in coming quarters, and thus about the prospects for further improvement in labor market conditions, given that, in recent years, forecasts of a sustained pickup in growth had not been realized. That helped him gain respect for Alain Vigneault when playing against the Vancouver Canucks.

Maurice さんのコメント Whereabouts in are you from? Even basic food imports such as wheat arrive by ship in Port Sudan, before they get trucked for days across the vast country, spurring food-price inflation. Flyman さんのコメント How would you like the money? Legislators now recognize the seriousness and urgency of these concerns and we will move forward to address them. Zachery さんのコメント Did you go to university? Donnie さんのコメント Will I have to work shifts? As well as its role in Lebanese politics it is also a mainstay of civil society, especially in the south and across the Bekaa valley where its organisations fund schools, hospitals and orphanages alongside reconstruction programmes.

Danielle さんのコメント What do you do for a living? government budget cuts. That means the centers will be able to serve , fewer patients and accommodate 3 million fewer visits this year, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation.

But many public service workers are not aware of these options and may feel pressure to find higher paying jobs to keep up with loan payments. But following consecutive losses in Calgary and Edmonton by combined scores of , Vigneault decided it was time to see something closer to the product he intends to put on the ice Oct.

Toney さんのコメント Have you read any good books lately? When you set up a profile for your kid, you pick which apps to enable. Don’t want your kid to be surfing the Web unrestricted? Then keep the Chrome browser disabled.

Don’t want him or her on Facebook? Keep that app disabled, too. The app store is also disabled, so Junior can’t go on a download spree. Embed What would you like to do? Embed Embed this gist in your website. Share Copy sharable link for this gist. Learn more about clone URLs. Download ZIP. Apple Store data for serveless processing. We can’t make this file beautiful and searchable because it’s too large. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below.

To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters Show hidden characters. Online Shopping”,,”USD”,0,,,4,4. de – Der Radioplayer”,,”USD”,0,64,9,4. Open Golf Championship”,,”USD”,0,,32,4,2,”8. com : book train and bus tickets”,,”USD”,0,,0,3. Seuss Camera – The Cat in the Hat Edition”,,”USD”,0. Power to Read”,,”USD”,3. Zombies HD”,,”USD”,0. Moreover, summer thermal conditions in rock interstices in unfavorable areas were more stable than those in favorable areas.

Taken together, our results indicate that lower-elevation areas are predicted to be unfavorable due to the broad-scale climate, but microclimates that allow Japanese pikas to behaviorally thermoregulate exist at the local scale, thereby suggesting the existence of microrefugia. In addition, winter thermal conditions did not differ among all thermal indices between the areas, and unfavorable areas possessed more developed vegetation and fewer rock interstices.

Our results highlight the importance of examining local habitat conditions and suggest that using only broad-scale assessments may risk overlooking areas with a high potential for conservation. In the case of Japanese pikas, cool and stable microclimates at lower elevations were found to possess high conservation value in terms of enhancing population persistence under climate change. Conservation values of abandoned farmland for birds: a functional group approach.

Munehiro Kitazawa, Yuichi Yamaura, Kazuhiro Kawamura, Masayuki Senzaki, Satoshi Yamanaka, Masashi Hanioka, Futoshi Nakamura. Abandoned farmland area has been expanding globally for decades. Studies showed that conservation value of abandoned farmland has differed among studies and regions, and thus is difficult to predict. However, predicting the effects of farmland abandonment on biodiversity remains vital to the development of appropriate conservation strategies.

Results differed markedly between functional groups. The abundance and species richness of grassland species in abandoned farmland were higher than that in active farmland, and comparable to that in wetland.

In contrast, abundance and richness of bare-ground species was highest in active farmland. For most species, interactive effects between climate variables and abandoned farmland were not significant, suggesting a consistent habitat suitability of abandoned farmland irrespective of varied climatic conditions.

Our results suggest that abandoned farmland plays an important role as habitat for grassland and forest species at large scales; farmland abandonment provides a valuable alternative habitat for species whose primary habitats have been lost to agricultural expansion. Especially, abandoned farmland in warmer areas in Hokkaido would represent a potential mitigation to the negative effects of wetland loss.

A functional group approach synthesizes varied species-level responses and allows for a comprehensive understanding of the habitat suitability of abandoned farmland. Adopting this approach will contribute to establishing appropriate conservation strategies. Estimates of resource transfer via winged adult insects from the hyporheic zone in a gravel-bed river. Hyporheic zone HZ locates below the riverbed providing habitat for macroinvertebrates from where the winged adult insects i.

This study estimated mean daily flux as dry biomass BM , carbon C , and nitrogen N deriving from the dominant HI species Alloperla ishikariana Plecoptera, Chloroperlidae for a 4th-order gravel-bed river during the early-summer to summer periods.

We hypothesized that HIs were an important contributor in total aquatic resources to the riparian zone. In and , we set parallelly May to August and perpendicularly June to October oriented Malaise traps to catch the lateral and longitudinal directional dispersing winged adults of A. ishikariana, and other Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera from the river and estimated the directional fluxes of them.

We further split the directional fluxes as moving away or back to the channel for lateral and from down- to upstream or up- to downstream for longitudinal. Alloperla ishikariana was similar to other Plecoptera species and differed clearly from Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in directional characteristics of resources flux, suggesting that the extent and directions of HZ-derived resource transfer depend on taxon-specific flight behaviors of HIs.

Contributions of A. We demonstrated that HZ could seasonally contribute a significant portion of aquatic resources to the riparian zone and highlighted the potential importance of HZ in nutrient balance in the river-riparian ecosystem. The relative effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the recruitment of freshwater mussels Margaritifera laevis.

Freshwater mussels, Unionoida, are endangered across the globe due to recruitment failure. In the present study, with general linear mixed models, we investigated the relative effects of biotic host fish density and abiotic water depth, fine sediment, water temperature, and water quality factors on the recruitment of Margaritifera laevis in 10 streams of Hokkaido, northern Japan.

We additionally examined the factors regulating the density of the host fish Oncorhynchus masou masou with general linear models. The proportion of juvenile mussels had a unimodal relationship with the host density, which was the most influential factor among the others examined. The positive relationship between mussel recruitment and host density can be attributed to an increased host fish infection rate.

The negative correlation between mussel recruitment and host density at high fish densities may be due to reduced larval growth on host fish that are in poor physical condition. We also found that host fish density was negatively affected by nutrient enrichment. Our results suggest that mitigating water quality degradation to recover host fish density should be prioritized to improve mussel recruitment.

Although stock enhancement is effective for increasing the salmon population density, excess stocking can further disturb mussel recruitment. Camera-trapping assessment of terrestrial mammals and birds in rehabilitated forest in INIKEA Project Area, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

The Innoprise-IKEA INIKEA Forest Rehabilitation Project in Kalabakan Forest Reserve, Sabah, was established to rehabilitate degraded forest affected by conventional logging and forest fires that occurred during an El-Nino event — The present study aimed to investigate the responses of ground-dwelling mammals and birds to the different rehabilitation practices in INIKEA: gap-cluster planting, line planting and liberation, where enrichment planting applied in both gap-cluster and line planting.

A total of 74 camera traps were deployed at random locations across reforested INIKEA plots, including plots in control areas comprising naturally regenerated forest. A total of independent photographs of medium-to-large vertebrates from camera-trap nights representing 33 species from 14 families and 7 orders were obtained. Among the detected vertebrate species, 2 are listed as Critically endangered, 5 as Endangered, 8 as Vulnerable and 6 as Near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Mousedeer was the most frequently photocaptured species, followed by muntjac, bearded pig, sambar deer, pig-tailed macaque and crested fireback. The present study demonstrates that the rehabilitation methods applied in INIKEA have aided forest recovery, providing habitat for the ground-dwelling mammals and birds in Sabah.

General forest structure, species richness and species composition did not significantly differ between the areas subjected to rehabilitation treatment and the control area. The results suggest that the liberation method should be abandoned to ensure a variety of food resources for animal species.

Provided major forest components remain after disturbance, disturbed forest areas should be left to undergo natural recovery. Factors determining vegetation recovery after abandonment of coal-mining villages. Nanane Motosugi, Futoshi Nakamura, Souta Nakajima, Chihiro Takahata, Kazuhiro Kawamura, Junko Morimoto.

There have been many earlier studies of the biodiversity and ecosystem services of abandoned farmlands, but studies of abandoned villages are limited, particularly in Asian countries. The drastic aging and depopulation of Japanese society will likely lead to increased village abandonment in the future. To properly manage abandoned villages and build a comprehensive land-use plan, we need to know how natural succession will proceed after the abandonment of local towns and villages.

We investigated forest structures and compositions at the sites of abandoned mining villages and compared them with ambient undisturbed natural forests. The environmental factors that determine plant succession are the distance from ambient forests, land-use period, and years since abandonment. The results showed that the sizes of tall trees and species diversity of understory vegetation recovered to the level of the control sites approximately 50—60 years after village abandonment.

However, the species compositions of tall trees and understory vegetation were fairly different from those of the control sites. The distance from ambient natural forest, which regulates the seed supply for abandoned sites; land-use periods, which are surrogates for the durations of anthropogenic disturbance; and times since abandonment are strong drivers of the recovery of forest species compositions. Correction to: Factors determining vegetation recovery after abandonment of coal-mining villages Landscape and Ecological Engineering, , 17, 2, , In the original publication of the article, the following reference was not included and provided in this correction.

Nakamura F, Ishiyama N, Yamanaka S, Higa M, Akasaka T, Kobayashi Y, Ono S, Fuke N, Kitazawa M, Morimoto J, Shoji Y Adaptation to climate change and conservation of biodiversity using green infrastructure. River Res Appl — The original article has been updated. Combined effects of summer water temperature and current velocity on the distribution of a cold-water-adapted sculpin cottus nozawae.

Clarifying the combined effects of water temperature and other environmental factors on the species distributions of cold-water fishes is the first step toward obtaining a better understanding of the complex impacts of climate warming on these species. In the present study, we examined the abundance and occurrence of the fluvial sculpin, Cottus nozawae, in response to water temperature along environmental gradients in northern Japan. The abundance survey was conducted in the Sorachi River catchment with two-pass electrofishing with a backpack electrofisher.

For the occurrence survey, we carried out one-pass electrofishing in the Sorachi, Chitose, and Tokachi River catchments. Fish sampling was conducted once from July to August in the Sorachi River catchment, from May to June in the Chitose River catchment, and from July to September in the Tokachi River catchment. Generalized linear mixed models GLMMs and generalized linear models GLMs were used for the abundance and occurrence analyses, respectively.

We found that the mean summer water temperature was the most influential factor on the distribution of C. nozawae; the abundance and occurrence were both negatively affected by increased water temperatures. In the occurrence model, occurrence probabilities of 0.

nozawae corresponded to mean summer temperatures of Furthermore, we identified a combined effect of water temperature and current velocity on the abundance of C.

The increased mean summer water temperature had a stronger negative effect on C. nozawae abundance under gentle flow conditions.

While the precise mechanisms of this combined effect could not be determined in this study, stressors associated with low current velocities may increase their vulnerability to higher water temperatures. Our findings indicate that flow disturbances caused by human activities such as excessive water abstraction may exacerbate the negative impacts of climate warming on populations of C.

nozawae in the future. Hydrochory into flood-control basins constructed in agricultural landscapes. The recommendations for flood control and environmental conservation in Japanese rivers based on research results of Typhoon Hagibis disasters in Futoshi NAKAMURA, Yukihiro SHIMATANI, Kazuaki OHTSUKI, Hideaki SEKINE, Kentaro TAKI, Jun NISHIHIRO, Morihiro HARADA. Risk assessment of forest disturbance by typhoons with heavy precipitation in northern Japan.

Junko Morimoto, Masahiro Aiba, Flavio Furukawa, Yoshio Mishima, Nobuhiko Yoshimura, Sridhara Nayak, Tetsuya Takemi, Haga Chihiro, Takanori Matsui, Futoshi Nakamura. Under future climate regimes, the risk of typhoons accompanied by heavy rains is expected to increase. Although the risk of disturbance to forest stands by strong winds has long been of interest, we have little knowledge of how the process is mediated by storms and precipitation.

Using machine learning, we assess the disturbance risk to cool-temperate forests by typhoons that landed in northern Japan in late August to determine the features of damage caused by typhoons accompanied by heavy precipitation, discuss how the process is mediated by precipitation as inferred from the modelling results, and delineate the effective solutions for forest management to decrease the future risk in silviculture.

In the results, we confirmed two types of behaviours in the model: one represents the same process as that of forest disturbance by strong wind, which has been widely studied, and another represents a unique process mediated by storms and precipitation that has not been previously investigated.

Specifically, the ridges that received strong wind from the front side had the highest risk of disturbance. Precipitation increased the probability of disturbance in forest stands, and its effect was dependent on the dominant species composition.

Our hypothesis regarding treefall mediated by storms and precipitation is that rainwater flows into the gaps around the tree root systems during sway and the introduction of rainwater below the root-soil plate decreases the root anchorage. The species-specific vulnerability to rainfall may depend on the volume of lateral roots.

Modelling the disturbance risk helped us to examine the kinds of factors that were related to exposure and vulnerability that should be managed to effectively decrease the risk of disturbance by typhoons during future uncontrollable hazards. It is recommended to avoid silviculture on the ridges of plateaus considering the high risk estimated in this area.

In addition, species with dense lateral roots would be suitable for planting because they may have high resistance to typhoons with heavy precipitation. Factors influencing lifespan dependency on agricultural crops by brown bears.

Tomoki Sakiyama, Junko Morimoto, Jun Matsubayashi, Yasuto Furukawa, Mami Kondo, Hifumi Tsuruga, Tsutomu Mano, Futoshi Nakamura. Investigating factors underlying human-wildlife conflicts in agricultural landscapes is important for both preventing crop damage and wildlife conservation. Although environments surrounding crop fields are considered causal factors, incorporating individual aspects of animals, such as demographic and physical characteristics, into the investigation may aid the prediction of how nuisance control affects wildlife population structures.

Here, we assessed the relationship of corn consumption by Hokkaido brown bears Ursus arctos with both demographic sex and age and physical body size characteristics and environmental factors human presence and crop accessibility. Then, we analyzed the factors correlated with corn consumption using a generalized linear model. Female and male bears consumed corn from 1. Corn consumption by female bears was not correlated with any explanatory variables, whereas that of male bears was positively correlated with their body size and crop accessibility but negatively correlated with human presence.

Large male bears were more likely to have consumed more corn than small male bears, but the selective harvest of large bears may cause dwarfism of their overall population, impacting the local population dynamics. To reduce agricultural damage and population structure alteration of brown bears, the opportunity for them to learn to eat crops must be eliminated through border management between forests and agricultural fields and the relocation of agricultural fields when possible.

Effects of planted tree species on biodiversity of conifer plantations in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Natural forests were increasingly replaced by plantations globally. While plantations support less biodiversity compared to natural forests, they can serve as an important habitat for forest-dependent species.

Understanding the key drivers of the habitat function of plantations is necessary to reconcile both forestry and biodiversity. Planted tree species is one of the important factors determining biodiversity of plantations.

In plantations of pine family mainly larch , abundance or richness did not significantly differ from those in natural forests for many taxa, suggesting the important role as habitats.

By contrast, in cypress family mainly cedar , abundance or richness was significantly lower than in natural forests for all analysis groups except understorey abundance. These results indicate that the habitat function of plantations and its management should be considered for each planted tree species, separately. Nevertheless, since our literature review identifies some research gaps, e. studies on vertebrates in western Japan were scarce, more comprehensive research efforts should be made in the future.

Time series changes in fish assemblages and habitat structures caused by partial check dam removal. Shigeya Nagayama, Nobuo Ishiyama, Taro Seno, Hideyuki Kawai, Yoichi Kawaguchi, Daisuke Nakano, Futoshi Nakamura. Despite a steep increase in dam removal projects, there are few studies on the biophysical responses to dam removal.

In this study, we evaluated the short-term 1. First, the habitat preferences of fish were examined at a channel unit scale: pools, rapids, and side channels satisfied the seasonal habitat requirements of the fish assemblages. Partial check dam removal increased the abundance of these habitats and diversified the habitat structures owing to the sediment release from the dam; in contrast, the bedrock distinctly decreased 1.

However, 5. Similar temporal changes were also determined through a reach-scale analysis with a change in the bed materials. Anadromous Oncorhynchus masou began to spawn and recolonize in the upstream section of the dam after the dam removal, causing similar assemblage compositions between the downstream and upstream sections.

The abundance of Salvelinus malma and Noemacheilus barbatulus toni in the upstream reaches decreased over time after the dam removal. The temporal changes in the biophysical responses suggest that long-term monitoring is indispensable for the reliable evaluation of dam removal effects.

Restoration of the shifting mosaic of floodplain forests under a flow regime altered by a dam. Futoshi Nakamura, Yasuharu Watanabe, Junjiro Negishi, Takumi Akasaka, Yuki Yabuhara, Akira Terui, Satoshi Yamanaka, Miwa Konno. A braided gravel-bed river provides essential habitats for various plants and animals. However, human regulation of rivers, such as dams, channelization, and other engineering works, alter flow and sediment regimes, which generally cause the degradation of river and riparian ecosystems.

One of the prominent changes prevailing in Japanese rivers is forest expansion over gravel bars, and many native plants and animals that depend on gravel-bar habitat are now endangered.

The Satsunai River is typical of rivers experiencing forest expansion, so the Japanese government launched a restoration project in to partially restore its riparian ecosystems. This is a large-scale experiment developed jointly by an interdisciplinary science team and river managers, who conduct monitoring and evaluation under an adaptive management scheme.

A unique feature of the project is that we considered the role of high-magnitude floods with recurrence intervals greater than 20 years after dam construction. We hypothesize that the artificial floods can be timed seasonally to create sites for regeneration and nesting of riparian species, and the high-magnitude floods contribute to maintaining a shifting mosaic structure of floodplain forest and unvegetated gravel-bar patches. Artificial floods have been initiated once a year since at the end of June, synchronized with the seed dispersal period of Salix arbutifolia, which is endangered and a high conservation priority in the project.

Thus far, the idea of setting floodplain-disturbance areas and the strategy of using both artificial and high-magnitude floods to restore a shifting mosaic of floodplain habitat patches is appropriate, as we found successful regeneration of S. arbutifolia and an exponential decay curve of the age distribution of floodplain forest patches.

However, the sediment regime regulated by the dam was not addressed in this research, so future monitoring should track changes in river morphology associated with reduced sediment supply caused by the dam.

Temperature-dependent Swimming Performance Differs by Species: Implications for Condition-specific Competition Between Stream Salmonids.

Condition-specific competition is a phenomenon by which inter-specific competitive dominance changes as a result of environment, and is an important factor determining species distribution. While past laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated the great advantage of white-spotted charr at higher water temperatures, the advantages of Dolly Varden at lower temperature have not always been clear. Here, we examined the effect of water temperature 6 degrees C vs.

At 6 degrees C, the swimming ability of Dolly Varden was greater than that of white-spotted charr, but no difference was observed at 12 degrees C. These results suggest that the temperature-mediated swimming ability differs between these species, which may explain the coexistence of the closely related species within heterogeneous habitats via condition- specific competition.

Genetic structure and population demography of white-spotted charr in the upstream watershed of a large dam. White-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis is an anadromous fish that has been severely harmed by human land-use development, particularly through habitat fragmentation.

However, the anthropogenic impacts on populations of this species have not been evaluated, except those on small dammed-off populations. Using multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing, we investigated the genetic structure of white-spotted charr in four tributaries in the upper section of the Kanayama Dam in the Sorachi River, Hokkaido Island, Japan. By model-flexible demographic simulation, historical changes in the effective population size were inferred.

The result indicates that the population size has decreased since the end of the last glacial period, with three major population decline events, including recent declines that were probably associated with recent human activities. Nevertheless, populations in the watershed upstream of the Kanayama Dam are still expected to be at low risk of immediate extinction, owing to the large watershed size and the limited number of small check dams.

An effective conservation measure for sustaining the white-spotted charr population is to maintain high connectivity between tributaries, such as by providing fishways in check dams during construction. Drivers of land-use changes in societies with decreasing populations: A comparison of the factors affecting farmland abandonment in a food production area in Japan.

The extraordinary population growth of the 20th century will subside in the 21st century, followed by depopulation, constituting the first population decline phase in human history in Japan and other developed countries. The drivers of land-use change during the population decline phase are expected to differ from those of the population growth phase; however, research on land-use drivers during the decline phase is limited.

Identifying these drivers is necessary to develop effective management plans for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the decline phase. First, we calculated the probability of farmland abandonment in Hokkaido, a Japanese food production area, from and divided the period into the population growth phase and the decline phase We examined various geographical and social factors that were assumed to alter the land use during these two phases.

Geographical and social conditions are key factors in determining the probability of farmland abandonment, but their influences varied between the two phases. The farmlands located on geographically uncultivable sites, such as marginal, underproductive, narrow, and steep land, were abandoned during these phases; however, social conditions, such as the distance from densely inhabited districts DIDs and the population, exerted opposite effects during these two phases.

Farmland abandonment occurred near DIDs i. Farmland abandonment was strongly affected by government policy during the population growth phase, but the policy weakened during the decline phase, which triggered farmland abandonment throughout Hokkaido. The geographical and social drivers found in the present study may provide new insights for other developed countries experiencing depopulation problems. Recovery and allocation of carbon stocks in boreal forests 64 years after catastrophic windthrow and salvage logging in northern Japan.

Wataru Hotta, Junko Morimoto, Takahiro Inoue, Satoshi N. Suzuki, Toshihiro Umebayashi, Toshiaki Owari, Hideaki Shibata, Satoshi Ishibashi, Toshihiko Hara, Futoshi Nakamura. To mitigate the negative effects of climate change, it is necessary to conserve carbon stocks in forests. Typhoons fell many standing trees and generate a substantial amount of coarse woody debris CWD. In boreal forests, CWD contributes to maintaining carbon stocks for a long time after a disturbance because the decomposition rate of CWD is relatively low.

We know that salvage logging after a disturbance tremendously decreases the forest carbon stock over the short term after logging but know little about its long-term effects.

We targeted a catastrophic windthrow caused by a super typhoon in in boreal forests in northern Japan and estimated the long-term effects of salvage logging after the windthrow on the above- and belowground carbon stocks by comparing old-growth forests with low damage from the super typhoon in or any subsequent typhoons OG , forests damaged by the typhoon with remaining CWD i.

The CWD carbon stock of decay class 5 i. These results indicate that salvage logging affects the allocation of carbon in the forest even after 64 years after a catastrophic windthrow, although there was no large difference in total carbon stock. Contribution of small isolated habitats in creating refuges from biological invasions along a geomorphological gradient of floodplain waterbodies. Habitat fragmentation, which involves habitat size reduction and isolation, is a major cause of biodiversity decline.

In a fragmented floodplain of northern Japan, we demonstrate how habitat fragmentation and habitat quality shape the refuges for a unique endangered minnow Rhynchocypris percnurus sachalinensis from biological invasions. We focused on two invasive minnows, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva and rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus, which are the dominant invasive species. By using a graph theoretical approach and structural equation modelling, we elucidated the relationships among habitat fragmentation, habitat quality and the abundance of invasive minnows with the endangered swamp minnow.

We found that the invasion of topmouth gudgeon, which has a high mobility and environmental tolerance, negatively affected swamp minnow populations. The invasive species may outcompete the native species in their overlapping trophic niche. Analyses indicated that habitat fragmentation decreasing habitat size and connectivity indirectly and positively affected the population abundance of swamp minnow by reducing the potential for invasion by topmouth gudgeon.

We further found an interaction between the indirect effects of habitat fragmentation and local habitat quality: the indirect effects became more apparent in the relatively deeper habitats that were of better quality for natives. This result was likely attributed to the strong control effect of the abiotic stressor. Interspecific competition between the two minnows would be masked in shallow ponds because the native populations are primarily restricted by the abiotic factor, and its abundance is inherently limited regardless of pressure by invaders.

Synthesis and applications. In fragmented landscapes, evenly conserving all small fragments within a limited budget is difficult. The change in importance of small isolated ponds across a pond-depth gradient suggests that conservation priorities for small fragments should be established by considering local habitat quality.

Our findings do not justify habitat fragmentation but suggest that both landscape-scale and local-scale perspectives synergistically aid in the management of biological invasions in modified habitat networks. The effects of salvage logging after windthrow on carbon balance in boreal forest ecosystems-Simulation in the current climate-. Synthesis of l-band sar and forest heights derived from TanDEM-X DEM and 3 digital terrain models for Biomass Mapping. The TDX heights developed in this study included nine canopy height models CHMs and three model-based forest heights ModelHs ; the nine CHMs were derived from the three digital surface models DSMs of I TDX 12 m DEM digital elevation model product, II TDX 90 m DEM product and III TDX 5 m DSM, which we developed from two TDX-TSX TerraSAR-X image pairs for reference, and the three digital terrain models DTMs of i an airborne Light Detection and Ranging LiDAR -based DTM LiDAR DTM , ii a topography-based DTM and iii the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM DEM; the three ModelHs were developed from the two TDX-TSX image pairs used in III and the three DTMs i to iii with the Sinc inversion model.

In total, 12 AGB estimation models were developed for comparison. In this study, we included the C-band SRTM DEM as one of the DTMs. According to Walker et al. As our test site is located in a hemi-boreal zone with medium forest cover, we tested the ability of the SRTM DEM to serve as a DTM in our test site.

This study especially aimed to analyze the capability of the two TDX DEM products I and II to estimate AGB in practice in the hemi-boreal region, and to examine how the different forest height creation methods the simple DSM and DTM subtraction for the nine CHMs and the Sinc inversion model-based approach for the three ModelHs and the different spatial resolutions of the three DSMs and three DTMs affected the AGB estimation results.

We also conducted the slope-class analysis to see how the varying slopes influenced the AGB estimation accuracies. The results show that the combined use of the PALSAR data and the CHM derived from I TDX 12 m DEM and i LiDAR DTM achieved the highest AGB estimation accuracies across the scales R2 ranged from 0. The three ModelHs gave the lowest R2 values across the scales R2 ranged from 0. Analyzed by slope class at the 1. The two CHMs derived from II TDX 90 m DEM and both i LiDAR DTM and iii SRTM DEM showed R2 values of 0.

The results show that I TDX 12 m DEM had a high capability to estimate AGB, with a high accuracy across the scales and the slope classes in the form of CHM, but the use of i LiDAR DTM was required. The influences of snowmelt runoff from snow disposal sites on stream water quality, benthic macroinvertebrates and algae in Sapporo. KAWAJIRI Keita, SUEYOSHI Masanao, ISHIYAMA Nobuo, OHTA Tamihisa, FUKUZAWA Karibu, NAKAMURA Futoshi.

Role of flood-control basins as summer habitat for wetland species – A multiple-taxon approach. In the era of global climate change, the risk of large-scale flood disasters has been increasing. Green infrastructure has gained increasing attention as one of the strategies for adaptation to mega-floods because it can concurrently enhance regional biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Previous studies have assessed the efficacy of flood-control infrastructure in protecting biodiversity in urban areas. However, whether such infrastructure enhances biodiversity in other environments remains largely unknown.

In this study, we assessed the function of flood-control basins constructed for flood risk management as summer habitat for wetland species in agricultural landscapes.

We compared the species assemblages of four different taxa fishes, aquatic insects, birds, and plants among four water body types flood-control basins, channelized watercourses, drainage pumping stations, and remnant ponds. We found that the flood-control basins had comparable or higher species richness and abundance of most taxa than the other water body types. We also found that the species compositions in the flood-control basins were characterized by pioneer species, which prefer shallow water or can adapt to fluctuations in water levels e.

These findings suggest that flood-control basins can provide summer habitat for wetland species, especially for species that inhabit environments with hydrological variation, and utilizing flood-control basins as green infrastructure is a reasonable option for conserving regional biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.

Adaptation to climate change and conservation of biodiversity using green infrastructure. Nakamura, F, Ishiyama, N, Yamanaka, S, Higa, M, Akasaka, T, Kobayashi, Y, Ono, S, Fuke, N, Kitazawa, M, Morimoto, J, Shoji, Y.