{"id":399993,"date":"2023-02-01T06:13:21","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T06:13:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/2023\/02\/01\/windows-10-1703-download-iso-itarget-laserjet-full\/"},"modified":"2023-02-01T06:13:21","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T06:13:21","slug":"windows-10-1703-download-iso-itarget-laserjet-full","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/2023\/02\/01\/windows-10-1703-download-iso-itarget-laserjet-full\/","title":{"rendered":"Windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet.Full text of “Acorn User Magazine”"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Search the history of over billion web pages on the Internet. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person’s head and chest.<\/p>\n

Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs.<\/p>\n

Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. Internet Arcade Console Living Room. Books to Borrow Open Library. Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Sign \u0436\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430<\/a> for free Log in. All your problems We just love ’em! Specifications are Subject lo change without notice.<\/p>\n

The subjects covered in Amiga Answers are detailed \u043d\u0430\u0436\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/a> page 29; the many Windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet programs covered on page are outlined there. The page numbers given are for the first page of the article in which the product is mentioned. Which all add up to one thing: how can I get to plant a surveillance bug in there? One way is simply to phone up the new boss and tape everything he says – which is exactly what Cliff Ramshaw did the other day.<\/p>\n

The results are printed on pages 10 to 12 and very interesting reading they make to. Besides confirming \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/a> the replacement for the A is only four months off and suggesting that, yes, a new Amiga chipset could well be on its way, he went so far as to say he knew that a number of developers were already working on a memory card adaptor for the A Which is great news.<\/p>\n

But while Kelly is convinced the prices of memory cards will drop to affordable levels, I’m not so sure. OK, say mass economies bring the price down by half in a year or so – it’s still a helluva lot of dosh.<\/p>\n

Anyway, these are indeed exciting times for the Amiga range and I’m sure ’92 will go down as a more significant year than ’85 – which is when it all began.<\/p>\n

Enjoy the ish. And many more which allow you to try the software free before you buy. Each month in Public Domain World we examine the best of these programs and explain how to get hold of them. This month we focus on a new PD spell-checker, a touch typing tutor and an authoring package for designing your own diskzines. And for beginners our easy Expert Tips will help you get to grips with your Amiga, and understand the other features In this month’s issue.<\/p>\n

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So hurry, as they say, while stocks last. And don’t forget the plastic. No part \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435<\/a> this magazine may be reproduced without written permission. We welcome contributions for publication but regret that we cannot return any submissions. Any correspondence will windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet considered for publication unless specifically stated otherwise.<\/p>\n

You got ’em? Then Just send ’em to: ‘Sweep was the coolest dudo ever and should’ve ditched Sooty years ago’. Windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet Shopper. Monmouth St, Bath. BA1 2BW. First out the bag wins 12 free issues. Visionary Adventures Ever wanted to write the next great Amiga adventure game? Or could you do with a texture mapper – it’s all here! The World of Comms 93 Where to find a shareware solution to set up your own Amiga bull etin board the easy way Artifical Intelligence The final part in our neural network series looks at just how well such nets work and how they might be improved AMIGA ANSWERS 37 18 fact-packed pages windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet with every query you’ve sent in over the last month.<\/p>\n

Yes, a problem shared is a problem solved and here our unrivalled panel of experts sort out your niggles from your nightmares Down to Business Mark Smidy previews the long-awaited Mini Office – could it be the desktop business solution you’re looking for?<\/p>\n

Expert Tips Ten essential tips to becoming a top arcade game coder AmigaDos Why not save on money and produce your own digital calendar – it’s easier than you think!<\/p>\n

Strong metal construction made from 1 4SWG steel epoxy coated Amiga colour. Special price I. Laser quality at dot matrix price. Prices are subject to variation without prior notification. \u0421\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435<\/a> 7 years. Windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet parking. Open windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet to 5. An IDE hard disk controller is also included. An optional floppy disk controller will enable the card to access up to three high density or extra high windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet drives, with capacities of 1.<\/p>\n

There is space on the board for a 80CSX maths co-processor. Vortex » The revelation came in an exclusive windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet given to Amiga Shopper shortly after his appointment as managing director of Commodore UK on July 1. The news comes at the same time as speculation increases over the exact specifications of the two new Amigas believed to be in the pipeline with the most substantial \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e<\/a> to date emanating from an American beta-tester for \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/a> US.<\/p>\n

Full details begin on page The A is to go the same way as the A Now the Amiga community waits with bated breath to see what will replace it Entertainment extravaganza to hit London The biggest show yet is going to be at Earls Court this November. The Future Entertainment Show, open from November 5 to 8, is \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c<\/a> to attractvisitors. All of the greatest names in hardware and software are expected to be there, in even more force than last year’s World Of Commodore Show.<\/p>\n

Computer games will play a large part in the show, with a National Computer Games Championship having its final held there. Rest assured that the Amiga Shopper team will be there \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441<\/a> stop things getting too frivolous. We’ll be offering tips and advice and our Amiga Answers panel will be on hand to windows defender download windows<\/a> ‘live’ questions.<\/p>\n

They range from the latter half of August to windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet middle of September. They will be given by industry professionals and college lecturers.<\/p>\n

The rights to the programs were acquired by the company from Precision some time ago see Amiga Shopper issue Fears that it was the end of the line for Superbase have been alleviated by Oxxi’s demonstra- tion of commitment to the product. The company has just released Superbase Personal 4.<\/p>\n

The new version will enable users to query not just one file but several. Queries for file updating and mail label programs can be edited, loaded and saved.<\/p>\n

Superbase Personal 4’s files are compatible with all versions of Superbase. Most development has taken place on Superbase Professional. The program, only available to registered users of SBase Professional, will enable users linked to a network to share data files with other Superbase users on the network, on Amigas, PCs or Macs.<\/p>\n

Once so powerpoint 2013 download,<\/a> users can share data files and maintain record locking. Also new is the Developer’s Extension for SBase Professional Superbase Professional – still alive and kicking, and now talking to itself across networks too which uses a run-time module to enable programmers to create stand- alone database applications which will run independently of SBase.<\/p>\n

Developers must own a registered version of SBase Professional before they can buy the Extension. Any appli- cations created can be registered with Oxxi and advertised in the company’s guide to Superbase applications.<\/p>\n

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I’m not sure if you’re going to see any great changes. If anything. Commodore is going to be a bit more focused on the Amiga line of product, because obviously that’s our bread and butter. What would you say to those people? We’ve always got plans to bring in new products and new specifications of product.<\/p>\n

You haven’t seen a great deal from us in real terms because obviously it takes a lot of time to design an Amiga chip set. But yes we have got plans to increase the power of the specification of the Amiga. I think that an Amiga still offers certain people much more than a PC would in certain areas. If they really just want to do the boring stuff, then they’re probably better off buying a Commodore PC, but if they want to do a little bit more and they want DOS compatibility then there’s really only one choice, which is the A or A Most people, I think, feel that the Amiga is a far more friendly environment than, say.<\/p>\n

How can the Amiga hope to compete with this? First of all we’ve got to see it. With no disrespect to any of our competitors. I can tell you wonderful things about wonderful products, but until they come on the shelves it’s not reality. I can talk about 16 million colours and this, that and the other, but what’s the point because they’re not on the shelf at the moment?<\/p>\n

I would say that, like Atari, we are in continual development of machines. Unlike Atari, we aren’t willing to talk about the machines before they become reality, because things can happen, time can lapse in development. It doesn’t always go as smoothly as you would like, especially if you design a machine The top of the range based Amiga – It’s good, but not that good. Perhaps a faster machine with better graphics is needed?<\/p>\n

We just don’t feel that we need to start talking about machines that are going to come down the line – we’re not in the situation where our machines aren’t selling effectively. We’d rather say buy what we’ve got now; in a years time it may be Kelly Sumner, obviously pleased at his recent promotion to Commodore UK’s managing director. But what has he got in store for us?<\/p>\n

But let’s not dangle the carrot in front of people because that year may change into 18 months. That’s why we try to keep it quiet. I know everyone wants to write about new products and new this and that, but it’s not fair on the end users to tell them about all these wonderful things that may never come about.<\/p>\n

I’ve seen loads of products in Commodore that have just never come to the market. The A has recently undergone a large price drop ‘price position, price position, jokes Sumner. What we did originally with the A was stuff it full of lots of memory and put this, that and the other in there.<\/p>\n

What we’ve effectively done is pull a lot of that out and said ‘if you really want to get into this type of machine you can have a lot lower entry price point. So what about the A? Is there any truth to the price rumours? There are always rumours. I think our statement is exactly the same as on the A We will sell the product at the price that we believe will make it competitive within the market place.<\/p>\n

It’s a tough economy out there, and we can’t sit in our ivory towers and ignore the fact that we’re competing for everybody’s money. We’re not particularly competing against Sega or Nintendo or Atari or whoever, we’re competing against the money that may be spent on a holiday or a TV or a video.<\/p>\n

We’re competing for people’s cash. Obviously we’ve got to make our product an exciting proposition and if it’s a question of putting more software with it or cutting the price, we will obviously look at that. How many CDTVs have you sold? It’s about The trade-in seems to have had a tremendous effect. The great thing is, if you’ve had your Amiga for say four years, which quite a few thousand people have, that you’re getting a disk drive with CDTV and so your software will be compatible, and you’re obviously getting a new warranty on your product.<\/p>\n

So it’s quite a good deal. I think I’m confident of us winning the CD war against, say, Philips, because quite frankly the people who ow far away is the replacement for the A? We’ve got to address our population, which Philips hasn’t got.<\/p>\n

So certainly in the short term I don’t think we have a particular problem. Who knows what’s going to happen in two or three years time?<\/p>\n

How many do you expect to sell between now and Christmas? About 50, It’s certainly been talked about. I think that it probably is a likelihood, but I don’t think you’ll see it much before Christmas. When will the AS70 be In the shops? This month July. Regarding the A Plus, our reader response to Its demise has been pretty negative. I thought you did quite a good hatchet job. Well, the reaction was pretty bad.<\/p>\n

Yes, I was speaking to someone in the trade about it. What we can’t tell people is what our overall game plan is. And they get very emotional about this product called the A that they’ve had and they’ve got very close to, and rightly so. But the A is the first of the new machines that will be coming out. And who says in maybe a year’s time they’re going to look at it and say ‘well, Christ, actually Commodore did do the right thing.<\/p>\n

But that machine, the A, is a better deal than the A The manufacture and reliability is much much, much better. We’ve shipped something like 65, As to the trade since April. Out of all of the ones that have been sold, we haven’t had one PCB failure. Not one. Now that is quite incredible. They’ve got this thing about the DMA bus which is all singing and dancing and wonderful, but quite frankly that’s not true.<\/p>\n

There’s 70 people producing cards at the moment that run on the A What we’ve done is, we’ve gone “k PCMCIA card adaptor for the A is the wise way to go” out and taken a standard architecture that will give people a better choice and make it easier for people to develop for that card. Now our theory is that, for instance, if you buy an A you don’t have to go out and buy a traditional hard disk and have to open your machine and put it in and all that business, you go out and buy a 20Mb, 40Mb, 60Mb card.<\/p>\n

Or you go and buy flash RAM or whatever. One of the reactions people had was: ‘Oh. Did you expect the bad reaction over the A Plus? I think in real terms we knew there was going to be a reaction. It’s the A series rather than just the A Plus. You’ve got to think that we sold 1. It’s been very close to either end users or retailers for a very long time. And people don’t like or accept change very easily. I can well remember when Ford brought out the Sierra.<\/p>\n

People hated it, but now no- one says anything about it – it’s totally accepted. They took a radical step, which is what we’ve done. It’s the same with the Amiga; it will take a little time for people to accept. But for the end user, the machine has got to be better. Take on-site maintenance. Would you like to take the opportunity to reassure the A owners that they’re not in possession of a dinosaur?<\/p>\n

No they’re not, absolutely true, because the whole thing about the Amiga technology was that we would try and make the people’s machine grow as we released new products. But if you bought a 1. We’ll still carry on bringing out peripherals such as printers, monitors, drives and RAM. There’s no way that we’re going to allow our user base to suffer. But what we’ve done is taken advantage of new technology – surface mount and the card slot. There are a number of people The A may have disappointed many but, seen as the first of a new wave of Amigas, ft becomes a more tantalising proposition rumoured to be.<\/p>\n

I’ve heard three people talking about it. I actually think that it’s the wise way to go. To make that adaptor wouldn’t be very expensive. Technology-wise it’s quite inexpensive. If you’re an A user and you haven’t got a hard disk or whatever, it’s a tremendous way to expand. Do you know of any developers Intending to produce serious software for the A’s slot? There’s a number of people looking at that at the moment. I think, quite frankly, that it’s going to be a good six months before you see that, for a number of reasons: the cards are still a little bit expensive but obviously the price is reducing dramatically as more people get into the market.<\/p>\n

But there are quite a number of people, particularly in the States, who are talking about that at the moment. How far away Is a replacement for the A? About four months. Can you give us any details? The range that we had last year, apart from the A which we’ve re-positioned so far as pricing is concerned, is going to be quite different to the range we will see at the end of this year.<\/p>\n

We are trying to make sure that we have very competitive products. What I would say is that if people are looking for a machine that is as inexpensive as the A, they may well be disappointed, because the new machine will have higher specifications and obviously that does carry a cost. Is there any truth to the rumours of an ‘AA ‘ chip set? Well, if you think about it, the first chip that we ever released was the ‘single A’, and then we had the ECS which is the ‘A Plus’ chip set, if you like, so I suppose a ‘double A’ wouldn’t be out of the question.<\/p>\n

All I would say again is that we realise that we have to keep ahead of the game. Whether it’s a ‘double A’ whether it’s an ‘A Plus’ or whatever, it wouldn’t be out of the question to see Commodore releasing new chip sets, because that’s our game. If we’re to stay ahead of the competition, we have to do something.<\/p>\n

Just by dropping a or in there – that’s great but that really just gives you speed; it doesn’t increase the graphics power. It would be silly to say that we’re not thinking about other chip sets, but a chip set for an Amiga takes a very long time to develop if we’re to remain compatible with what’s already out Faithful but ageing, the A needs a revamp. Does the A detailed below fit the bill? And I think that it would be wrong for Commodore to release a new chip set that hasn’t got a high degree of compatibility, because obviously people may want to buy the new chip set and already have a software base.<\/p>\n

I’m not going to say that everything will always run on a new chip set, but we’re after high degrees of compatibility, which takes longer than just producing something from scratch. There’s been a pirate beta test version of Klckstart 3 knocking around on some bulletin boards. When will we see this as a legal product? I don’t know. We have just released 2. There were rumours for probably 18 months or two years about version 2 – I think as soon as we released 1. So, it would be quite sensible to think there was going to be some delay there.<\/p>\n

Is there anything else you would like to tell our readers? I would say to the readers that obviously if they’ve got an A I think that the A isn’t necessarily the right way to go – maybe an A would be – because the A doesn’t offer that much more to someone who’s already got a Also they should think about the reasons why we implement new things such as the PCMCIA smart card – that in time will be one of the biggest bonuses for the Amiga because it will make us a standard within the industry; that means that they’re going to be able to buy add- ons and accessories a great deal cheaper than they probably could do today.<\/p>\n

It won’t happen overnight, but it will be there. That obviously made it expensive to start with. And it’s neat – you’ve got removable hard disks there haven’t you? You haven’t asked me about the Amiga Well, we’ve heard rumours of it. I was just going to say, I don’t know of a product called the Amiga The information comes from a message posted on Usenet, the international electronic mail network, and is allegedly posted by a third party developer for Commodore US which is beta testing the products.<\/p>\n

The information seems plausible, but we cannot verify it because the machines are covered by Non- Disclosure Agreements. It is certain though that new Amigas are expected. The A, a machine to be introduced above the A, is said to be based around Motorola’s latest central processing unit, the Along with the other new machine, it boasts new graphics and sound chips, dubbed the ‘AA’ chip set, and version 2.<\/p>\n

Its floppy disk is a high density device giving twice the capacity of a normal floppy but, unlike some high density floppy drives available with the A, this is not achieved by cutting its speed. Based on a 16MHz processor, it has variously been called the A or the Classic, but given that ‘Classic’ is registered to Apple and Kelly Sumner has denied all knowledge of an A, neither of these names are to be taken too literally.<\/p>\n

Like the A, it includes the ‘AA’ chip set and Kickstart 2. It has the same high density floppy drive as the A and a 52Mb hard disk. Both machines utilise the Zorro ill expansion slots as found on the A, but the machine known as the A, housed in a shallow pizza- box style case, has more limited expansion capabilities. A number of new graphics modes are supported: x and x interlaced with up to colours on screen at once with no restrictions; and x and x interlaced using HAM to give up to colours.<\/p>\n

The Amiga’s palette has been expanded from a choice of colours to a choice of In addition, a SuperHAM mode has been included which enables all of these colours to be used at once in the standard Amiga resolutions with restrictions similar to the current HAM mode. Screens in this mode may be animated at up to 30 frames per sec. The Amiga’s hardware sprites have been improved such that they can now consist of up to 16 colours, and be a maximum of 64 pixels wide. Their height is unrestricted.<\/p>\n

Ricker is removed from all interlaced modes by means of a built-in de-interlacer chip. The new Amigas have been beefed up on the sound front, too. They both come with a built-in digitiser which will sample sounds with 8-bit resolution at 22KHz. Sound output is even more impressive. Four bit channels are provided which are capable of reproducing frequencies of up to 56KHz. These channels can be used to emulate eight 8-bit channels at 56KHz or 16 8-bit channels at 28KHz. A new Motorola Digital Signal Processor chip is also believed to be included with both models – this is a microprocessor in its own right, working alongside the central processor.<\/p>\n

It is a bit device clocked at 27MHz that can be programmed to perform complex sound processing operations at high speed. These could include sophisticated filtering and sound manipulation effects.<\/p>\n

No prices or details of availability are known, except that the cheaper of the two will come in at a price above that of the A, and that at least one of them is due in four months. The verdict was, to say the least, highly critical – much of the flak targetted at the Amiga A Which, as you might expect, provoked a number of enraged A owners to set the record straight I am a very proud owner of one and think this is a remarkable computer!<\/p>\n

The A is the first computer I have bought, having arrived at this decision to buy one because my SEGA console is not what I want anymore – and I love it! It’s more compact than the bulky, slab-like , and looks more attractive! Granted, its arrival is a bit obsolete, but don’t knock ft until you’ve tried it!<\/p>\n

I totally resent the remarks made by some of your readers about its size and its seemingly “console” like approach. These comments come from a bunch of closed-minded misnomatics who cannot swallow the fact that the A is history and that the light isn’t in their ball court any more! You lose, oh brainless ones! Long live the A Gary Entwistle Tonbridge Hmmm, I think ‘childish playground attitude’ is a bit strong there, Gary – we adopted an even handed response to the story in our news reporting and in these letters pages.<\/p>\n

But many A owners were somewhat peeved and said so in no uncertain terms. Now, I don’t want to get drawn into a My-Amiga-is-better- than-your-Amiga type argument here, but hey! I’m sure the A has got a helluva lot going for it. As you say though, the err In particular I was surprised at Margaret Haedicke’s assessment that the A Is “mainly for games” and Mr Scott’s view that the A was unexpandable. What utter rubbish! Please explain to me how a machine with exactly the same processor and graphic specifications as the A, but with the added advantage of a built-in hard drive interface and TV modulator, can in any way be described as a games machine?<\/p>\n

The almost crazed and illogical ravings that I was forced to read in your magazine really made little sense. The authors were obviously just jealous that now people can go out and buy an A for the same price as an A and revel in the advantages of hard drive interface, portability and incredible reliability that the new machine offers.<\/p>\n

Certainly to describe the A as a games machine or as inferior to the A is showing crassness not worthy of an Amiga owner! In my mind the A Is a worthy entry level machine offering a cheap and easy upgrade path to hard drive ownership whilst still having two expansion slots like the original A The A is the perfect machine for home and hobbyist use; I am only disappointed that it was not released several years ago.<\/p>\n

Certainly no other computer can offer such power at such a low price. Stick with the Amiga and Commodore! The new range of Amigas and the new improved “The crazed and illogical ravings I was forced to read really made little sense graphics and sound which are on the way will certainly be something worth beating the PC owning world with!<\/p>\n

The main criticism levelled at the A is its alleged lack of expandability. As such it’s seen as a games machine. Like so many new advances though, it’s a question of Time Will Tell. The quicker the A’s on the street, the better. I, however, think it is an excellent move. The Big C has already announced that it intends to release new Amigas soon – as the A is just a taster of things to come.<\/p>\n

OK, so the A will be incompatible with a lot of hardware, but before people go jumping to conclusions and start asking where this leaves users who wish to expand their machines, consider the following The majority of people who will want to purchase the A are people who not only want to play games but also to use it to type out the odd letter.<\/p>\n

The A Is a step forward for the Amiga and is perfectly designed hardware wise – if you want to load the Amiga with accelerators and the like then buy a machine that is designed to do that. Maybe one of Commodore’s new machines will be a portable; the miniaturisation employed in the A sure makes this possible. Existing A owners must not despair, the A will ensure the future of the Amiga in the 90s and beyond.<\/p>\n

Philip Chung Cheltenham Yes, and in your last paragraph you hit the nail firmly on the head. Don’t think there’s much chance of a portable though. The A is quite simply a recased A Plus but with the bonus that you can now have a hard drive, for the price of an external drive and a half meg upgrade, just eighty pounds!<\/p>\n

So you now don’t have to pay the ridiculous price of three hundred pounds for the simplest hard drive. Your average Amiga owner aspires to a hard drive and a few megs of extra memory at maximum. You can have all of these things on an A for a lot less dosh than an A, this is a fact. The simple fact is that the A is here to stay and all the whingeing in the world from the techies who mourn the loss of their best friend will not bring back the over-sized A I had an A for three years and loved the machine but time moves on, and in my opinion the A is much more desirable than the chunky old faithful and also more reliable.<\/p>\n

The simple fact is that the Real 3D images I now produce on an A look just as good as the ones produced on an A But now I can save them to my hard drive! It is just a pity that Amiga Shopper couldn’t take a positive attitude and welcome the A for what It is, the best cheap home computer on the market, which will ‘The A is much more desirable than the chunky old faithful” give you access to the wonders of DTP, 3D modelling, word processing and perhaps even the odd game at a reasonable price with great reliability.<\/p>\n

Steve Summersklll Wakefield Fair enough. I honestly don’t think you can accuse us of taking a negative attitude though, Steve. Maybe we didn’t go over the top about the arrival of the A but then I don’t feel there’s a great deal to go over the top about. It’s a neat machine, sure – but nothing to knock your socks off. Now that’s not being negative – being negative is me printing in a national magazine “The A is a waste of space”.<\/p>\n

Which it ain’t. Just because Commodore brings out the A and stops producing the A everyone seems to think It is the end of the Amiga. So many of the letters I have read gave me the impression that the writer was going to do a Lemming!!<\/p>\n

Total flops brought out by Commodore as the next step forward. You have to remember that with the bad you get the good. It is not technically superior. The A has not yet reached its peak, there are a good years left in the old girl yet. You don’t think the third party developers are going to chuck all their A goodies and start producing Aonly goods, when there must be less than 10, As in the UK homes, if that. One other thing, why should A users worry whether the A is upgradable or not, if someone wants to buy an upgradable machine, then they won’t buy the A, which will show in the numbers sold, and make Commodore realise what a mistake it has made.<\/p>\n

All you readers stop fretting, you already own a good, solid, upgradable machine, why worry about a machine you don’t like anyway? Also what is this obsession with chucking the Amiga and getting a PC? There’s one line of argument, ably presented in the next letter funnily enough, which claims that the A range was scrapped precisely because of its upgradability.<\/p>\n

But it’s also got a lot to do with cheaper construction costs and greater reliability. Expandability will come for the A though because there’s always a demand for maximising what you’ve already got without splashing out on a brand new machine. That’s what propels the PC market and presumably that’s why a few readers thought the PC was a more future- proof option.<\/p>\n

It’s got A owners everywhere paranoid that the third- party developers will just turn their backs on them as if the mighty A never existed. As for becoming obsolete, it is still an Amiga after all, with the same software base as the and , and that’s not going to change much for this new computer. Commodore’s marketing strategy is obvious; keep the games players with the A and force the hobbyists and “serious” users into buying a bigger, more expandable machine.<\/p>\n

This has always been their game plan but the A proved to be just as expandable as any other Amiga. There are a wide variety of peripherals for the A; high power accelerators, bit graphics boards, 10Mb of RAM, anything a serious user would demand from a computing system.<\/p>\n

I think in the eyes of Commodore it became too easy to transform an A into a beast more powerful than the top-of-the- line Surface Mount Technology will take care of that, and then customers will have to get a bigger Amiga, or a big ugly PC. Commodore will have to develop a more advanced middle-range machine if It doesn’t want to be alienated from the “serious market” of the PC and Macintosh, especially with the current pricing trend.<\/p>\n

Amigas are no longer the great bargain they used to be, and the new range will stand or fall on its own merits, not a cheap price tag. This can be done, but the Amiga is going to have to evolve into a more powerful machine, sporting a as standard, and a and af least true bit graphics for the top of the range.<\/p>\n

As for existing Amiga owners, I say only this. Don’t worry about your computer becoming obsolete. It’s the A the third parties might not support. Anyway, if your system does what you bought it for, what’s the problem? PB Stanley Stamford, Lines I think the Amiga is already alienated from the serious market if you define this as being anything other than video and bit graphics work. While Amigas are clearly capable of handling serious applications, they’re not perceived as anything more than souped-up consoles by the business user.<\/p>\n

Yet with the A you have a machine that’ll give most Macs and PCs a run for their money. There’s one way this can be rectified and that’s for Commodore to start promoting it as a serious machine range. Full stop.<\/p>\n

Gosh it Is a “nightmare” – that blue screen and nasty topaz font mocking my lower status in life. All those bugs! Oh, it’s so slow and horrible! Heck, I can barely show my face in public without being pointed out as a 1. But there’s little I can do to improve my predicament. Looks like I’m stuck with this archaic 1. Frankly I’d rather Shopper devoted a little more space to telling me how to make use of what I’ve got rather than suggesting 1, different ways to spend money I haven’t got.<\/p>\n

I appreciate that Mr Smiddy did, in fact, devote his column to updating a previous program for 1. Please Inform your staff that many of us are operating on far less than what they consider to be the minimum requirement for an Amiga system. Ade Rixon Warrington We try and draw a balance which is more heavily weighted to tips, advice and tutorials than new product reviews, but we can’t ignore advances. However, you’ll be pleased to know that next ish we’re bringing you a 32 page Amiga Answers Special designed to help you get more from your machine.<\/p>\n

The following might save your readers some trouble. At one point I found that the internal disk drive in my Amiga was scratching and destroying disks. I removed, cleaned and replaced the recording head.<\/p>\n

Realignment was a bit of a fiddle but for a long time I kept having to repeat the realignment at frequent intervals, although there was no obvious fault. To cut a long story short, I discovered that the trouble was caused by magnetic interference from the monitor whether from the loudspeaker magnets or the tube field coils, I do not know. The internal magnetic shield of the computer was not totally effective. The cure: a steel biscuit tin lid is now attached to the underside of the shelf which supports the monitor above the right hand side of the computer.<\/p>\n

This has proved completely effective. H Owens Thanks there. H – send me your address and I’ll send you a fiver. One this month, five the next! Now can we leave poor Mark alone? I use several of the music programs and am finding this of great assistance in the line of business I have chosen following my retirement after 35 years in the police service. However, Jason omitted to mention probably the most pertinent point regarding PD houses.<\/p>\n

He did not say that there is a positive chance that some of your readers who send their orders and their money to some of the PD houses who advertise In your magazine will not receive a reply, nor their disks, nor their money back.<\/p>\n

It goes without saying that many of the ‘houses’ give an excellent service and, in one instance, 6 disks arrived at my address within 36 hours of my posting the order. However, unfortunately, there are those who do not supply the goods, nor do they return the cheque. They cash it instead!<\/p>\n

I have been defrauded three times. For various reasons I’m not prepared to name the ‘houses’ who have failed in their commitment and, in doing so, have indirectly discredited your magazine. Another point Jason failed to mention was the fact that there is an unnecessary amount of obscene and other unpleasant language used on some of the PD disks. I don’t suppose I need to go into detail but I will refer to one particular music disk I bought.<\/p>\n

Being new to it all, and self-taught, I obviously make many mistakes when trying to run my software. On one of these disks, each time I do something wrong, a rather disgusting message flashes up saying ‘F Off, Lamer’ etc.<\/p>\n

Is there any need for this? What sort of people are these faceless perverts who thrill to using this language, knowing full well that the persons most likely to be confronted with it are young persons and children? I realise, of course, that there is nothing you can do about the way sick programmers write their materials, nor is there much you can do about the contents of disks sold by the PD houses. However, I would like to know what sort of scrutiny you subject your advertisers to before accepting their money for advertising.<\/p>\n

Are any steps taken to check out the bona fides of would-be advertisers, or can anyone who might use a garden shed or a spare room in a lodging-house as a temporary address set up a business as, and advertise as, a PD house? I am sure most of your 45, readers would be delighted to know the answers of these questions.<\/p>\n

JD Martin Hull Well, first of all, I’m sorry to hear you’ve been subjected to abuse and ripped off on a number of occasions. Unfortunately, in the first instance, we have to take adverts placed with us on the basis of trust.<\/p>\n

Other than the normal credit checks we can’t assess a company’s morality. It’s only when we receive complaints from individuals who’ve been mistreated that we prevent that company from appearing in our pages. And then again, we can’t rely on isolated incidents – there has to be a number of complaints from people over a period of time so as to make sure we’re just not acting on someone’s private vendetta or a temporary mail order processing problem.<\/p>\n

So I’m afraid it’s a difficult judgment to make – after all, what’s the alternative? Like all walks in life, there’s always a small minority who spoil it for everybody. So, I guess you just have to make sure you deal with reputable suppliers I own one of these machines and after reading the Diamond advert in your August edition on page I was feeling rather ill. Could you write some kind of soothing words to restore my lost faith in the machine, if not I might just do something drastic like get CD-I instead.<\/p>\n

I have had my CDTV for just two months and am amazed by it. I am writing this letter on the machine at the same time as listening to a music CD. Try doing that on the CD-I unit! I have seen the first batch of releases on the machine and it really Is a joke. Now on to the writer of the advert. If he had taken time to actually use the CDTV and some research, he would know that the machine is not dead and that most of the owners are very pleased with the machine and that good software was starting to appear.<\/p>\n

Sim City is absolutely amazing. It has four full sound tracks on ft. I have also had a look at the Trivial Pursuit game. This is one that interests me because of the size of it. It comprises of two CDs. That’s over a gigabyte of information! If I were the editor of your magazine I would drop the Diamond advert because It doesn’t do much for sales of your magazine.<\/p>\n

Diamond might be better off trying to beat that. Bet it can’t Go on – join the Amiga’s liveliest letters pages! Did you buy Betamax when everybody bought VHS? Have you booked your summer holiday In Yugoslavia? I bet you’ve got CDTV. Well don’t worry we won’t take the mlcky anymore because your not the only person who ell for all the hype, but don’t panlck, Copfa nd os always Is here lo save the day.<\/p>\n

Now who was it who said that ads were boring? We’ll have the dosh for the re-run too lads! Could you create the next bestseller? Thanks to packages such as Palace’s Shoot’em up Construction Kit and – more recently – Domark’s 3D Kit, Amiga owners have been able to churn out fast arcade games complete with fancy sprites, smooth scrolling and even solid 3D graphics with not a single opcode or status register in sight.<\/p>\n

Although Europress has gone to great lengths to stress AMOS’ other uses, it doesn’t take a brain the size of a planet to realise the true nature of the beast. High speed hardware scrolling, copper rainbow effects, blitter objects and interrupt driven music are hardly the kind of facilities that your average spreadsheet programmer is ever going to need.<\/p>\n

There’s no doubting that arcade fanatics are certainly well served, but developers have sadly ignored the one type of game that arguably started the computer gaming craze in the first place – adventure games.<\/p>\n

Shame on them! Loading up the two demo games that are bundled with Visionary one of which is a very p r. Facilities shall be incorporated to indicate automatically to the operators that the relevant data has not been updated.<\/p>\n

This is estimated to be some 50, data points. Any additional capacity required for internal management, etc shall be accounted for separately by the Contractor.<\/p>\n

The expansion capability of SCADA Master Station system is required to match power system developments over its service life of some 15 years. The delivered systems shall be dimensioned according to the following: a b c A four-fold increase in the number of all database points both telemetered and nontelemetered.<\/p>\n

A two-fold increase in the number of Outstations. The Master Station software including SCADA and applications databases and display facilities shall be dimensioned to accommodate a four fold increase in size of the power network elements nodes, generators, transformers, switches etc. The introduction of an additional voltage level e. The above expansion shall be achieved without degradation to the availability or performance of the master station.<\/p>\n

The Bidder shall demonstrate in the sizing calculation to be provided with the offer that these expansion requirements are provided for and can be achieved without such degradation. The Contractor shall demonstrate in the Factory Tests that these expansion requirements can be achieved without such degradation.<\/p>\n

No additional hardware or software shall be required to accommodate the expansion defined above for the Master Station. In addition, the Master Station shall be capable of expansion to support 2 additional operator workstations within the control room and a further 2, operator workstations to be located elsewhere via a remote connection. The Bidder shall indicate if any additional hardware or software or licences, other than the workstations themselves, would be required in order to ensure that the performance of the system is not compromised by such an expansion in the number of workstations.<\/p>\n

It is a fundamental requirement that each system and individual items of equipment within them shall be designed for high reliability and that hardware and standard existing software used within the systems shall have been proven in service.<\/p>\n

The construction of equipment and its installation shall be such that common mode risks from external hazards are minimised. The installation plan shall include the measures to be taken to prevent such contingencies and will be subject to approval. All existing Outstations that are to remain in service operate using the IEC protocol new Outstations shall communicate with the master stations using the IEC or protocols.<\/p>\n

The data acquisition system shall send out polling requests for data in accordance with a preprogrammed routine so as to maintain the database updated with the latest data from all Outstations. Where a report by exception technique is used the data acquisition software shall initiate a full scan of an RTU to retrieve the actual state of the RTU under the following circumstances: a b c d e Master Station cold start RTU or SAS reset Restoration of communications Cyclically every 24 hours On request by the operator.<\/p>\n

The facility to switch Outstations into or out-of-scan for maintenance or commissioning purposes shall be provided. It shall only be possible to switch Outstations by manual command from an appropriate display. The status of all Outstation communication shall be available for display at any of the Master Station Workstations. All operator actions required to enable and disable data acquisition in the manner outlined above shall be recorded in the events list.<\/p>\n

The system shall also maintain a separate list of all data points which have been manually taken ‘off scan’. The data acquisition system shall monitor the performance of each communication channel. Statistics on the performance of each communication channel shall be available for display. For each communication channel the data acquisition software shall detect loss of communication with an Outstation and raise an alarm.<\/p>\n

Where an alternate communication channel to the Outstation is available communication shall be switched automatically by the data acquisition software.<\/p>\n

The data acquisition software shall continue to operate on the alternate communication channel until instructed to switch-over to the main link by the Operator. In the event of detection of a data transmission error or failure, indications and alarms from the previously successful scan shall continue to be displayed on the workstations. Facilities shall be incorporated however to indicate automatically to the operators that the relevant data has not been updated.<\/p>\n

The SCADA system shall provide a comprehensive and flexible set of facilities for processing telemetered, manually entered, calculated and data from other systems accessible at the NSCC. The following requirements relate to specific types of data. Where conversion of raw data to engineering units is required this shall be configurable on an individual point basis.<\/p>\n

The following conversion types shall therefore be provided for measured value scaling: a b No conversion – The value in raw counts is stored directly in the database unchanged.<\/p>\n

Unique pairs of A and B are provided for each analogue point requiring this conversion. Suppressed zero – For each value of this conversion type a database value is specified below which the converted value will be set to zero. Each measured value shall have an associated ‘value out of range’ raw data value threshold. If this value is exceeded the last valid value shall be displayed and an out-of-range attribute shall mark the data item.<\/p>\n

It shall be possible to specify for each voltage, at database construction, a value in engineering units, below which the voltage shall be stored as zero. The following sign conventions for real and reactive power flow shall be used universally throughout the SCADA system: a All active and reactive power flowing into a busbar shall be positive b Limits All limit values shall be in engineering units. It shall be possible for the alarm limits to be amended on-line by the Operator.<\/p>\n

Amendments to the active limits shall generate a message indicating the changes made to the limit values within the event list. For monopolar measured values, alarm supervision shall be between two adjustable alarm limits. For bipolar measured values alarm supervision shall be between four adjustable alarm limits. When enabled the scanned measured value shall be continuously checked against assigned limit values.<\/p>\n

When disabled no limit checking shall apply to the selected measured value. All limit violations shall be annunciated as an alarm to the operator and recorded on the event list. To ensure that items whose values are varying just above and just below alarm limits do not generate a constant stream of alarms, the system shall not consider a value to have returned within a set of limits until it has done so by a predefined and operator adjustable margin.<\/p>\n

To avoid annunciation of certain transitory conditions it shall also be possible to delay the annunciation of an alarm for a defined period. This period shall be a system wide parameter, based on the number 1 or more of consecutive scans for which the transgression is true, and shall be amendable on-line by the Operator.<\/p>\n

A time-delay filter shall be provided to ensure that any transient limit-transgressions do not result in transient changes to the displayed or annunciated alarm state.<\/p>\n

Whenever a measurement returns within limits from a limit violation, an event shall be recorded in the event list. All active and reactive power flowing out of a busbar shall be negative. Acknowledged limit alarms associated with the measured value shall not generate an additional alarm, but shall be removed from the alarm list when the measured value returns within limits.<\/p>\n

Unacknowledged limit alarms shall be annunciated again measured value returns within limits. Manual Overrides Facilities shall be provided for overriding measured values with fixed values entered via the User Interface. All measurements shall be eligible for overriding. The System shall only permit the application of overrides for measured values by users with the appropriate area of authority.<\/p>\n

Overridden values shall not be updated by values telemetered from Outstations or calculated by the system for values which are scan inhibited. The appearance of values on displays shall be different when an override has been applied. On removal of an override the value shall be marked suspect until the value has been updated from the telemetered source or recalculated. Overrides shall be enterable and removable wherever the value is displayed subject to appropriate user function authority.<\/p>\n

All status changes shall be processed immediately. Single Points In general this category encompasses alarm and status indications. Two forms of alarms shall be supported, these being fleeting momentary signal e.<\/p>\n

Double Points Double point indications shall be used to indicate the status of circuit breaker and switch position Open or Closed and other devices where a higher integrity is required than is possible with single point indication.<\/p>\n

An output must be obtained from each of the two positions e. In many cases the indication wiring and interposing relays are existing and have been implemented as single point status signals.<\/p>\n

The system shall also be able to process these as switch position but without the validity logic. Transitory conditions that generate intermediate signals as may occur with disconnects, shall not result in an alarm signal until a predetermined period has elapsed to allow the device to reach its final position. The ability to differentiate between authorised status changes, such as occur due to commands initiated by the operator, and unauthorised changes such as occur from other actions, e.<\/p>\n

Status changes arising from operator issued commands shall not be treated as an alarm condition. Manual Overrides Facilities shall be provided for overriding digital point values with fixed values entered via the user Interface.<\/p>\n

All digital points shall be eligible for overriding. The appearance of digital points on displays shall be modified when an override has been applied.<\/p>\n

On removal of an override the digital point shall be marked suspect until the value has been updated from the telemetered source or recalculated. Overrides shall be enterable and removable wherever the digital point is displayed subject to appropriate user function authority. The construction of these derived data values shall be operator orientated and not require the use of the tools used for database management and manipulation. The definition of a derived measured value shall permit the prioritisation of elements within a calculation.<\/p>\n

A derived measured value shall be processed in the same way as any other measurement, e. And be available in one line and tabular displays. The performance requirements for the processing of derived values are specified in Clause 2.<\/p>\n

A facility shall be provided for setting up and synchronising the stored values such that there is consistency with the actual measuring device. The arrangement should be such as to ensure the integrity of the data after temporary loss of the SCADA or communications. It is anticipated that the storage will be achieved by use of the historical data processing and storage facilities and may include some pre-processing such as totalisation by period, day, area, etc. The SCADA system shall be able to report the daily, monthly and annual energy figures by substation, area, region and for the total system.<\/p>\n

Where master-follower equipment is installed the process shall identify whether a slave tap changer is out of step with the master. This condition shall be annunciated as an alarm. There would normally be an out of step indication as well derived directly from the AVR system. The alarm generated by the tap position processor shall be used to determine whether there is a fault on the tap position indication circuitry.<\/p>\n

These attributes shall be propagated with the status or value of each data item. The quality attributes required as a minimum are given in the following sub-clauses. A normal data item is defined as one which is active, up-to-date and uninhibited.<\/p>\n

A lack of any other quality attribute can be used to indicate this state. The event inhibit attribute is applied when the data item is active and up-to-date but no event or alarm is to be annunciated or recorded even if a limit is transgressed or a change of status is detected. The system shall provide facilities to enable the user, with appropriate functional authority, to set or clear the event inhibit attribute on-line.<\/p>\n

Data shall be marked suspect if the item is active but the updating of its value or status is discontinued for any reason other than an applied override. An item shall remain suspect until a valid update is received. The overridden attribute shall apply when the value of a data item has been manually replaced. The override feature shall be separate from the facility to change manually-dressed non-telemetered and non-derived data items.<\/p>\n

The value-out-of-range attribute shall mark a measured value as exceeding the metering range of the measuring device. A derived item shall have its suspect, overridden or value-out-of-range attribute s set if any of its constituent elements has the corresponding attribute s set.<\/p>\n

Controls may be individual or part of a user definable sequence. Only one valid control order may be sent at any time to a given Outstation. However, control orders may be sent to different Outstations at the same time. If equipment is selected which is unsuitable for remote control or if the wrong control initiation is attempted, e.<\/p>\n

If equipment suitable for remote control is selected, but the device is selected to local control at the substation, then the command shall be blocked and an appropriate message given to the operator.<\/p>\n

Facilities shall be provided to inhibit control of any plant item suitable for supervisory control. Any plant item so inhibited shall have suitable identification on the displays. It shall not be possible to control an item where an applied tag is specified as an interlock. In communicating commands to the Outstations, the following conditions must be satisfied: a b Initiation of a command shall involve a select before operate procedure. This should be confirmed to the Master Station from the appropriate Outstation.<\/p>\n

The transmission of a command signal, e. Successful completion of a control shall be indicated by update of its new telemetered state and the presentation of a confirmatory message.<\/p>\n

A change of state resulting from a successful control shall not generate an audible annunciation. Failure of a control shall be indicated by de-selection of the plant item and the presentation of an informative message.<\/p>\n

The failed control shall generate an alarm and initiate audible annunciation. The system shall also cancel controls automatically, such as when: a A control check-back failure occurs at any stage b c d A control is not executed within a predetermined time of selection There is a failure of a main computer resulting in a restart or changeover to a standby computer. Errors occur in the control protocol sequences.<\/p>\n

Cancellation shall return the plant item to a state in which a new operation may be selected. The Telecommand Log shall identify the user, time and date of the occurrence of each entry.<\/p>\n

An alarm is defined as an annunciated event, requiring acknowledgement by an operator. Typically, alarms may be generated from any of sources a, c, e and selected instances of i above. The actual events to be defined as alarms shall be user configurable. Certain exceptions to the normal interpretation of events shall apply: A state change [source a events] normally expected to result from a supervisory control action [source b events] shall only be interpreted by the system as an alarm when the associated control command has not been issued.<\/p>\n

Where binary coding of transformer tap positions is employed, single bit state changes shall be evaluated by the system in the context of a coded group of bits for the purpose of registering an event. Illegal values shall be alarmed. Where analogue transducers are used to provide transformer tap position indications, the signal shall be processed to give a discrete integer value output corresponding to the tap position and changes between these discrete values shall be handled as an event.<\/p>\n

Event description text shall be appended to each item in the event list and be available for printing. Many events will arise from initiating conditions that have two well defined states and, in the majority of cases, it will be required that the transitions between both states are recorded as events.<\/p>\n

However, whether or not a transition is recorded as an event shall be user configurable. In the case of double point status indications e. In the case of double point indications, a further event shall be derived from any incongruent condition arising between the independent contacts e. This situation shall also give rise to an alarm and the representation of the corresponding device upon diagram displays as being in an ‘undefined’ state.<\/p>\n

Date and time from the event message time stamp Location description e. When an event list is first called up for display in a list window, the most recent page of entries shall be presented. The list shall be updated automatically with new entries as they enter the system. The operator shall be able to page through the lists in either direction, but each new page displayed shall retain some lines from the previous page, to provide visual continuity. In addition to the paging mechanism, there shall be a facility to jump immediately to an approximate position within the list, including either end of the list.<\/p>\n

It shall be possible to use the jump and page controls at will, to achieve rapid location of any portion of a list. If page 1 most recent entries of a list is displayed, it shall be paged automatically, so that it always displays the most recent entries. When the page is full the system shall refresh the display to ensure that the latest events are shown.<\/p>\n

A search and sort facility shall be available to the operator, whereby he shall be able to produce a reduced list, filtered and sorted according to certain criteria. The criteria shall be entered through a pro forma mask that the operator shall be able to call up, as required. The search and sort facility shall be very flexible, incorporating features such as variable length character string searches and the use of wildcard characters. It shall also be possible to save a number of search criteria for quick access and use in the future.<\/p>\n

An operator shall be able to send the search output to a printer or a disc file, upon operator request. Event list shall be sized to accommodate at least 10 events and shall automatically archive any overflow on a first in first out basis. Additionally, it shall be possible to generate an audible annunciation for selected alarms by setting attributes in the database.<\/p>\n

A list of substations and SCADA system groups with unacknowledged alarms shall be available to the operator. Alarms shall be displayed on Acknowledged and Unacknowledged alarm lists.<\/p>\n

The alarm lists shall be displayed in chronological order with the most recent alarm first with the occurrence of new alarms handled in the same manner as events.<\/p>\n

Each alarm entry shall include the time and date of occurrence, location, and device or other identifier, action, status, value and normal limits. The search and sort facility shall be very flexible, incorporating features such as variable. A display shall also be provided which identifies all substations with unacknowledged alarms.<\/p>\n

It shall be possible to navigate directly to the substation unacknowledged alarm page from this display. Alarm list shall be sized to accommodate Alarms and shall automatically archive any overflow on a first in first out basis. All alarms shall be brought to the attention of the operators. The alarm sequence shall be as follows: a At the onset of the alarm condition the alarm will be entered into the alarm window, and into the Unacknowledged alarm list where displayed.<\/p>\n

Its priority shall be highlighted with the use of colour. Flashing shall not be used in the alarm lists. Any device being displayed on a one line diagram to which the alarm is associated shall flash.<\/p>\n

The alarm message will be acknowledged by the operator. If the alarm is fleeting it shall disappear from the alarm lists. If the alarm is persistent it shall be displayed on the Acknowledged alarm list. Symbols on the one line diagrams shall cease flashing when the alarm is acknowledged. The acknowledgement shall be logged in the event list.<\/p>\n

Reset of alarm condition shall be treated in the same manner as the onset except that on acknowledgement the onset and reset messages shall be removed from the alarm list. Where the reset condition occurs before the onset has been acknowledged, the message for both conditions shall remain in the alarm list and device symbols shall flash at half the rate of the alarm conditions.<\/p>\n

The presence of an unacknowledged alarm which has reset shall be indicated by colour in the alarm list. The operator shall have the facility to accept alarms individually, on a page basis and from diagrams on a device basis. Silencing alarms shall not inhibit the annunciation of further alarms or constitute an acknowledgement of the alarm. The software shall support two forms of alarm suppression manual and automatic.<\/p>\n

This facility is intended for use in cases where faulty signals generate repetitive nuisance events and alarms. For manual suppression, it shall be possible for the operator to suppress the processing of individual alarm. Each suppression command shall be recorded on the event list.<\/p>\n

The system shall support the automatic suppression of nuisance alarms. A nuisance alarm shall be defined by the occurrence of a user definable number of changes of state within a user definable period. An alarm shall be generated indicating that the event has been automatically been suppressed.<\/p>\n

When the number of changes of state fall below the user defined threshold then the SCADA software shall remove the automatic suppression of the alarm. An alarm reset shall be generated indicating the removal of the automatic suppressed condition.<\/p>\n

All suppressed alarms either manually by the operator or automatically shall be displayed on a list suppressed alarm list. Events where a time stamp is applied to a signal on receipt by the Master Station b. Events that are time stamped on occurrence by the Outstation. The sequence of events processor shall maintain a chronological list of events that can be viewed on a station, circuit or system basis.<\/p>\n

The process shall also group the data on an event basis, e. The data shall be readily available to include in reports. A first in first out log of values and events shall be maintained such that following predefined alarm conditions the values of measurements and status received from the entire telemetry system for the previous 5 minutes and the values for the following 10 minutes shall be stored and made available in a disturbance monitoring record.<\/p>\n

The total pre event and post event storage times shall be readily adjustable using simple user instructions. The initiating of such recording shall also be possible from logical rules and calculated values.<\/p>\n

The records shall be available for inclusion in reports and shall be readily viewable by Operators at their workstations.<\/p>\n

It shall be possible to alter the duration of the pre and post event recording by simple Operator settings. The Bidder may offer a system that records all data samples and provides facilities to construct such reports. It is not intended that they should define in detail the methods of presenting information to the operator and the means of operator interaction with the system.<\/p>\n

Rather, the main functional requirements and principles of operation have been defined and it is required that the Contractor shall develop his design accordingly, incorporating all additional detail necessary to furnish a comprehensive and fully functional interface for interaction with the system. The design of the User Interface shall be based on standard software packages.<\/p>\n

An organised approach to handling multiple windows, which allows the operator to save and subsequently restore the screen layout and its contents, is preferred. The workstations shall be capable of supporting as a minimum the number of windows per display specified in the Schedules. Access control shall be provided which requires all users to identify themselves and enter passwords before being granted access. The system shall be capable of supporting a minimum 32 different levels of users.<\/p>\n

The access control facilities shall be arranged to restrict functional access to predefined users. Access privileges shall be freely definable and shall determine access to areas such as: a Functions controls, displays, reports, etc. Geographical areas Designated areas of responsibility Editing or creating data files, reports, etc.<\/p>\n

Database and graphic display amendment. The actual access privileges and users will be defined during the detailed implementation phase of the project. Schematic layouts shall be represented in which the substations are laid out in approximate geographic positions with the interconnections shown by orthogonal lines with minimal crossovers.<\/p>\n

When fully zoomed in the diagram shall show the level of detail traditionally included on substation one line diagrams making these unnecessary. Additional means of navigating the network diagram shall be provided apart from panning. These shall include selection of individual stations from the overview diagram and by database search selection using the station name or mnemonic.<\/p>\n

The search facility shall allow the use of ‘wild cards’ so that it is not necessary to enter the full name. It shall also be possible to navigate directly to the network display of an item of plant which is in alarm by selection from the alarm list and similarly to an alarm list entry from an item in alarm on the network diagram.<\/p>\n

The main network display shall be updated in real time with plant status and measurement information from SCADA or manually dressed and shall be used for initiating control actions and recording a variety of information concerned with the operation of the network.<\/p>\n

It shall also be possible for the operator to access any data which has been associated with the plant item by selecting the item on the diagram displayed on the workstation. Generally the design of displays shall focus on clarity and bringing abnormal conditions to the attention of operators.<\/p>\n

Network Topology Processing The topology of the power network shall be monitored to determine the network connectivity. Connectivity shall be determined and held for each version of the network image resident in the database, whether real time or study cases. An alarm event shall be generated whenever the topology processor encounters a circuit arrangement resulting in the interconnection of the secondary windings of two transformers in either the same or different substations at the distribution level 11 kV or 33kV.<\/p>\n

Connectivity Presentation The operator shall be able to call up connectivity information for superposition upon a network diagram display. This function shall have both global and operator selective modes. In global mode, all islands of interconnected equipment shall be highlighted. In operator selective mode, the operator would position the cursor on a circuit element in the portion of the network of interest and all circuit elements electrically connected to that selected shall be traced and identified by the System, originating at the primary substation source circuit breaker and terminating at the open point s of the circuit feeder.<\/p>\n

The identification shall be carried out by means of a change of colour, or a change of line type e. The actual line attribute change invoked shall be freely user definable, although default selections shall normally apply. For example, if yellow colouring is set up by the system engineer as the default line attribute, selection of the connectivity presentation function by the operator shall cause the lines of the relevant portion of the network to be displayed in yellow.<\/p>\n

The line display attributes for the connectivity presentation function shall be set up in a priority display table such that when an operator invokes multiple connectivity traces i. Separate commands shall be available to enable the operator to clear down the connectivity traces both individually and globally.<\/p>\n

Automatic clear down shall occur upon closure of the display window, but not during panning and zooming actions. The operator shall have the facility of an independent command to visually accentuate the open points in the network. Clear down shall be by manual command and automatically upon closure of the display window. Displays representing the hydro complexes shall be provided that show water levels for reservoirs and ponds in a cascade overview indicating spill gate operation, near spill and whether operation is near minimum limits.<\/p>\n

These displays shall be driven by telemetered and manually entered data and shall indicate warning and alarm conditions.<\/p>\n

In addition to these displays being available on Operator VDUs and the Video Wall, permanent pictorial displays shall be located adjacent to the Video Wall. The overlay keyboard is extremely versatile, since it is simply a piece of paper.<\/p>\n

Basically, it provides a choice of icons which the user presses instead of the normal keys. Concept Designer and Conform make programming the device easy, if you want to create overlays for a specific purpose. The Overlay Keyboard is made from high- impact plastic, which makes it both light and sturdy, meeting educational safety and design criteria extremely well.<\/p>\n

A single switch interface ia built in as standard and is used by inserting the switch jack plug into a socket which automatically disables the key- board and selects the switch.<\/p>\n

Most important ly. Other input devices include touch screens see BA U February 92 issue , alternative keyboards, mice, traekerballs, switches and voice input devices. Two leading Touch Window systems i Keyboard Technology and Lmgenuity are made up of the same hardware, with differing software drivers.<\/p>\n

They are accurate, responsive and can be adapted to fit almost any monitor. Their high resolution, coupled wiih the ability to be removed from the monitor to be used as a Tracing window”, add to their versatility. One successful alternative to the mouse is the Deha Cat which can prove very useful in specific circumstances, especially if the joystick is firmly mounted and an extension tube is fitted over I he stumpy control stick.<\/p>\n

It can offer con- trol via foot buttons and mouth stick. If you require a better mouse than the standard one provided with the Archimedes, then I recom- mend Clares’ rodent, which nestles comfortably in the palm of the band, allowing the fingers to rest more naturally over the buttons. For a trackerball literally an upside-down mouse the sturdy Marconi unit has performed well over the years, but is shortly to be eclipsed by the new Ark Tracker.<\/p>\n

Not only is this tracker ball extremely rugged but it has all the mouse operations on separate buttons. A perspex over- lay can be added to help with locating the buttons and a separate switch provides control over the pointer speed. As the unit remains stationary, pointer operation is controlled, with the fingers alone negating the need to move the whole arm – useful for a disabled person who has fine motor control hut finds larger arm movement more difficult.<\/p>\n

For those whose only means of communi- cation w ith a Beeb is their voice, the MicroMike has proven successful, giving voice- volume control over a variety of activities, Et can pro- mote vocal play, control of volume and liming of vocalisation. The popular Sid and Mike wjftware has now been converted to Archimedes use. Alternatives to the standard keyboard are available from Special Access Systems, starting with a metal keyguard which fastens on to the keyboard. Holes on the keyguard permit hands lo rest on the guard, while fingers can access individual key holes.<\/p>\n

Users can also perform multi key presses as one operation and four programmable delays can cope with uncertain or over- long key presses. Furthermore, bright LEDs or programmable sounds can help those with sensory disabilities to know when a key has been pressed. Contact Keyboards Keyboard Technology clip on over the existing keyboard, keeping unused keys hidden from prying fingers and making programs highly resistant to accidental crashes, Obviously such a device is tied to specific software applications and as yet.<\/p>\n

One advantage of these devices is that they provide sensory feedback to the user. Incidentally, the Matchmaker interface can be used to connect virtually any input tie vice device switch, joystick, trackerball. Next month, we wilt look at the softw are options for special needs. Northwest SEMERC, under director Martin Little r right is a fountain of information, help and advice, if you are involved in special education, then the exhibition is worth a visit- Northwest SEMERC also publishes a special needs newsletter entitled Copy which is full of interesting case studies and reviews of how people are coping with the BBC, AQ, Archimedes and other machines.<\/p>\n

Given the prestigious nature of the other nominees, this award is particularly satisfying. This made me wonder if it was possible to do something similar on my trusty Acorn machine, Well, it was, and here it is,..<\/p>\n

The program draws a lace on the screen. Then slowly the face undergoes a metamorphosis, changing into another and another. It is a great showpiece, and has an almost hypnotic effect on people. Part of the inspiration came from an excellent book by A Dewdney called The Arm- chair Universe In fact, the data for the face is based on an example w ithin the book.<\/p>\n

It then generates two completely different faces, let’s call them face I and face! These faces are stored as PLOT commands in arrays. In the main loop, the co-ordinates for face] and face 2 are being averaged by a formula which, at the start of the loop is weighted solely towards face] but, at the end of the loop is is weighted solely towards face2, By using this formula, a face which lies somewhere in between can be generated.<\/p>\n

This face is drawn on the shadow screen. When the drawing is finished, the active and shadow screens are switched, the weight is changed a little towards face2 and the main loop is entered again. The face is eventually changed totally into face 2, then face 2 is made into fa cel, a new face2 is generated and the changing process starts again. When you run Facet some data wilt be created, then you can run Face2.<\/p>\n

The program consists of three parts: an initial- isation, a face generator and a main loop, which makes the face slowly change from one to another The most complex part of the program is the procedure PROCdistan. It takes the array distort and returns it distorted by the required amount. Two arrays, re fx and refy, are the coordinates for face l and face 2, The original coordinates are not changed at all by the distor- tion of the face and are these are therefore stored in a single array.<\/p>\n

The distortion method is mainly a simple multiplication around a point. In the procedure, the distortion factors lucewittih etc,..<\/p>\n

These points arc used in combination with the distortion factors w hen changing certain parts of the face. The first of the reference points is a global point, used for distorting the entire face. Reference points two to nine also go through the distortion calculation. Incidentally, line 1 in this loop contains the calculation that makes the face egg shaped, with the point either at the top or the bottom.<\/p>\n

In the main loop the points of the face are distorted. The general distortion of the entire face is being handled by lines to This calculation is exactly the same as the one shown in lines to Most of the distortion of various parts of the face are made by multiplication around a point, but some require that the parts are moved too – such as in the case of the eyebrows.<\/p>\n

This happens at lines and the distance between the eyes and also at line which produces the rais- ing of the eyebrows. The part of the face to be distorted by certain factors is controlled by counting the points in the face- drawing and by testing the counter. This is what happens in the various when blocks. When the counter has reached 1 tt6.<\/p>\n

The distorted face is then stored in arrays, which takes place at lines and David Lawrence has also written a version of Face for eight-bit owners. To use it. The program works by calculating the in- between stages this will lake 20 or so seconds and then the animation takes place. Indeed, why stop at the face? The program could be used on the entire human body! Either turn to our yellow pages section and type the program in, or if you are a subscriber, simply load it from yogr free monthly disc.<\/p>\n

Yet in he Late 70s this was the faraway dream of a lew electronics boffins. Ami rite rest, as they say. It is that history which the BBC is celebrating in a special minme programme.<\/p>\n

The Trojan Mouse, due to be screened on Sunday April 5 see box for details. This programme will examine the effects of the computer literacy project and the BBC micro on personal comput- ing, as well as highlight the key developments Humble beginnings with the Acorn Atom of the past decade.<\/p>\n

The magazine was actually launched in response to the success of both the TV computer literacy programmes and the Acorn -produced BBC micro – and we have been around ever since, charting the ups and downs of she Acorn market. Roger Wil- son joined the company straight from university to help design the Atom and remains with the company today, developing new projects. Produced by Dave Thomas, who was responsible for producing previous computer pro- grammes, the programme is hosted by Ian MacNaught Davis, who appeared in the first series.<\/p>\n

The programme traces the evolution of the project, the related hardware and software achievements, and talks to many of the people who were involved along the way – from Cambridge graduates putting together the earliest prototypes, to teachers whose lives were completely changed by the introduction of the first BBC micros. But the programme isn’t just about the past – it brings you up to date with current developments and poses some questions about the future.<\/p>\n

Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry put forward the Acorn Proton design, which was to more than match the specification.<\/p>\n

In April Acorn was contracted to supply 12, machines that the BBC expected to sell by mail order The figure of I2,IH 0 machines was cautious – in fact, more than that were ordered before the first series was even screened. The result? A runaway success for the BBC and Acorn with further series in the pipeline. Also the Micros iti Schools scheme was launched – the brainchild of Kenneth Baker, the education secretary at that time. While popular, it was to be dogged by produc- tion problems and by Christmas public enthusiasm had waned and one-third of the Electrons built were apparently never sold.<\/p>\n

The share price fell and finally the Italian computer giant, Olivetti, stepped in to save the company. Curry and Hauser signed away their controlling interests to Olivetti, but both stayed on ns board directors.<\/p>\n

While cheaper to manufacture, the Master was more expensive to buy and. The Master Compact followed, but offered little that was new.<\/p>\n

It will be packed with interesting facts and figures, charting the ups and downs of the Acorn market and looking at some of the key people who have helped to shape home computing. Producers involved with the early series will give their assessment of what has taken place over the past decade and we will trace the history of Acorn in detail, with a machine ‘family tree’ and profile the key people involved- There will also be an overview of the impact of computing on education, how the BBC micro changed some people’s lives, and well be doing some crystal ball gazing into the future.<\/p>\n

So, whether you are an avid BBC micro fan. Or you are just inter- ested in finding out why this machine has had such an impact on personal computing, be sure not to miss our special supplement. Place an order with your newsa- gent now – you can use the special coupon on page 85 of this issue.<\/p>\n

Or to subscribe to the magazine turn to page 29 for details of our special subscription offer. Based on Rise technology, the one in a I machines carried the BBC tag, Flu this was io cause much controversy us the Corpor- ation was seen lo be endorsing untried technology. The original stop-gap Arthur operating system was later lo become Rise More affordable than the Arehi- 01 l-iV. The Learning Curve package, including an A and supporting software.<\/p>\n

The Archimedes A is the latest Acorn machine. Rise 08 3. But what of the future? Find out in next month’s special issue of BAU. Marley Electronics new removable cartridge hard disc systems can work on the A through to the A including the new A as well as on BBC Master computers. The secret lies in the hard disc cartridge which after dismounting can be taken o ut and sto red , o r be rep laced by another cartridge within a few seconds.<\/p>\n

Security isso easy with these discs because you can simply take them home or lock them away. The unit can also be used as a backup system for internal hard drives as well. Once you have looked at the prices you will see that they are significantly cheaper than tape streamer sytems. You also have virtually instant access to the information stored on them because they are a hard disc and therefore it is simply a matter of copying files from one disc to another instead of having to run lengthy restore programsto recover information from tape.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the biggest advantage of these units isthat when one cartridge is full then all you have to do is purchase a new cartridge and not a whole mechanism saving you a small fortune in the process. The mechanisms can be either 44MB or 90MB, however please note that the cartridges are not interchangeable between the two.<\/p>\n

The mechanisms are true SCSI devices. Prices exclude VAT and carnage. Prices include mechanism, case, one cartridge, all necesary cables and software. Prices excluding interface card do not include software.<\/p>\n

Please call for prices. Unfortunately you cannot use he obvious: MOV ro. The instruction that we use is mvn or Move Not, but, to be even more awkward, you cannot simply say: mvn ro, M or even: mvn ru. For some reason best known to Acorn, you have to supply the ones complement of the number. Remember with twos complement you change all the Os to Is and Is to Os and then add 1. The easiest way to do it with the Basic assembler is to use the Basic keyword not.<\/p>\n

In fact, NOT actually performs the ones complement of its parameter – very handy! Some other assemblers, such as Acorn’s own macro-assembler Aaam, actually allow MOV w id negative numbers, and simply perform the necessary bit-shuffling on the constant and assemble a MVN instruction instead. Although you might have typed MOV ro. You might like to try typing in listing one in the yellow pages, which demonstrates ihe use of simple arithmetic on negative numbers.<\/p>\n

Try following through the stages by ‘hand” first to make sure you understand everything as it happens. I’d like to outline the basics of the hexadecimal number system.<\/p>\n

Clearly, referring to numbers in binary is quite contrived, not to say time consuming: ‘Pardon? Was that 10 1 or 1 1 ? Some computer systems use base eight, or octal, which uses the decimal digits 0 to 7. Converting from binary to octal is relatively easy – you simply take your binary number and chop it into three-bit chunks, which arc then converted to octal effectively decimal in this ease.<\/p>\n

For example, The disadvantage of octal is the chunks of three – not a nice power of two! Of course, decimal only has 10 digits, so the letters A to F are used to represent the decimal numbers ID to Historically, eight bits arc called a byte. Words are 32 bits long in the Arm. Going the other way, half a byte four bits, one hex digit is, of course, a nibble.<\/p>\n

And no. I’m not joking! Until now, Pve told you to keep the numbers that you toad into registers under , but not to worry about the size of intermediate results. Last month 1 mentioned that the Arm is a bit processor and can therefore detd with 32 bits at a time. So, why can you not say mov KturartT? After all. The problem lies in the way Arm instructions are stored in memory and also explains why you have to use the ones complement notation for specifying numbers.<\/p>\n

ADD, mul and so on, into the appropriate sequences of bits that the Ann understands. One of the good features of the Arm is that all iis instructions are encoded to the same length, namely 32 hits one word Ii is a coincidence that the processor is a bit processor. Many other processors such as the X is 24 bits. In such cases it is common lor the first byte for whatever to be the base instruction and, if necessary, subsequent bytes to form parameters for the operation.<\/p>\n

Anyway, back to he Arm. With this in mind, she Arm can then make sense of the rest of the bits. Certain bits have a fixed meaning: bits 28 to 31 are the condition code more about these later in the series but others will vary according to the initial class’ of instruction.<\/p>\n

The important upshot of all this is that all parameters for instructions have to fit within these 32 bits, hence you cannot supply a lull 32 -bit number to mov and so on. They can also be found on the subscribed monthly disc. In fact, as you are allowed to supply a con- stant on the end of ait addition: add ro. From the grand total of 32, this leaves only 12 bits to specify the constant. Rather than doing the obvious, and making these 12 bits bits 0 to 1 1 of a 1 2-bit constant which w ould only allow the numbers 0 to , Acorn splits the 12 bits into two fields, one eight -bit constant and one four-bit shift’.<\/p>\n

The shift is how many hits the eight-bit con- stant is offset. I have to admit that this is a bit of fib – the shift value doesn’t really work in this way. It is actually an offset in the opposite direction, so my shift of one above is actually stored internally as 15, two is represented by 14, and so on. Luckily you never need to worry about the way constants are stored within the instructions, since the assembler does all the work of convert- ing your number into the necessary eight-bit value and four-bit shift.<\/p>\n

If a constant you give cannot be converted, you will get an error such as Bad immediate constant’. Therefore all values 0 to are Fine they are all eight-bit numbers anyway , is line because only bit eight is set to 1 so it can be converted, however cannot.<\/p>\n

Both bits 8 and 0 are set, so the value’ cannot be represent by an eight -bit number. The more astute of you may have noticed that because only four bits are available for the shift, only 16 “posit ions’ are available for the he value field. Because of this, numbers such as cannot be represented. Although the width’ of the number is only eight, so bit 8 and bi I are set only one posi- tion of shift is needed, which cannot be represented with one of 16 positions available.<\/p>\n

However, is allowable since an actual shift of two shift field- 1 5, remember can be used with a value field of 1 Powers of two are often used within programs for a number of reasons and, as these have only one bit set.<\/p>\n

Listing two shows some examples of larger numbers. You won’t be able to run this program as one of the lines causes an error – can you guess which one? Fairly obviously, this is 32 bits wide’ and therefore cannot fit into an eight-bit value field. By using the ones complement method, -1 becomes 0 which, as we all know, w ill easily fit into eight bits.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately if you’ve already got 1 or 2 of the products you miss out. Now that’s all changed. Real-Time Colour Video Digitiser for Archimedes computers is one of the most advanced video digitisers available, with features usually found only on top-of-the-range models for the IBM PC. Unlike simple RGB video digitisers, techno-l handles colour in 25 bits with 7 bits luminance and 18 bits chrominance.<\/p>\n

By manipulating the image using hue, saturation and luminance, it mimics the human visual system. The on-screen viewfinder displays live colour or monochrome in real-time.<\/p>\n

The frame buffer resolution is up to by 51 2 1 with programmable vertical and horizontal resolution. Complex frame manipulation features are built into the hardware including options to grab the current frame or previous frame and grab the last completed frame. All viewing, video and digitising parameters are software controlled, there are no presets, no setting up, simply connect to a video signal, load the software and digitise!<\/p>\n

Advanced memory management system releases memory when not required allowing scanning and DTP in a 1 MB computer, Flexible zoom control allows palettes to be imported, tailored and re saved with more powerful tone and tinting features than most painting packages, Interactive help and a superb manual. Saves sections and palettes into any graphics mode. At the same lew price as the well rested original. We not only offer professional advice when you are purchasing your system but we will also provide friendly assistance afterwards.<\/p>\n

All our products carry a 1 2 month full warranty for parts and labour. With rechargeable batteries you can take up to 50 pictures, storing them on its floppy disc. They can then be digitised using techno-l to provide the best images available on Archimedes computers.<\/p>\n

Prices and specification are subject lo change without notice. The bit user should type in listing one and save it as! Then create a Mode 12 sprite in Paint called! Using Edit create an Obey file and enter the following text. Now double clicking on the I Chords icon in the directory viewer will run the application. Eight-bit users should type in listings three and four and save them asChordsI and Chords! To make a tune come alive you need to play a few well-chosen notes at the same lime – notes which harmonise with the main theme.<\/p>\n

Anyone who plays the piano will know that certain notes, when played together, form a chord. In published sheet music the accompani- ment harmony is often shown using chord symbols.<\/p>\n

Guitar players are lucky – they some- times even gel a little drawing which shows them where to put their fingers. Some years ago, when 1 felt that the world badly needed another guitar player. J learnt all the chords I needed using songbooks and dia- grams in a chord dictionary. More recently, when I wanted to learn chords on a musical keyboard, I decided to enlist the help of my computer.<\/p>\n

Hence the birth of Chords. The application Chords is a chord dictionary with built-in sound, but it also has a simple sequencing feature. Even if you are not learning to play, just listening to the different chords and the way they work together can be fascinating.<\/p>\n

Clicking select over the icon brings up two windows: one contains the music keyboard, the other the selection menus. On the left are the 12 basic chord names from C through to B. In the centre there are 15 chord forms: the basic major and minor triads – triad means three notes – and a selection of higher forms.<\/p>\n

If you tire a bit hazy about your harmonies, then take a look at our box called natural progressions, I Select the chord name, form and position from the menus, and the keyboard window will show which keys to press and what the notes are called. Meanwhile, the chord is played through the computer sound system and through a Midi interface and keyboard, if one is Connected- Pressing Adjust makes a selection without running the demonstration.<\/p>\n

Notes played on a Midi keyboard are also shewn on the display so the piayer can confirm the correct fingering. Each time the mouse is clicked on Play seq. To enter a sequence, click over enter to reveal a line of text which can be edited in the usual way. Rewind puts the sequence pointer back to the start and Help displays a reminder of the sequence notation.<\/p>\n

When the Arpeggio option is ticked, chords are piayed with a delay between each note. This is not a true arpeggio but it makes the individual notes easier to hear. Delay sets the delay in centi-seconds – from five to is reasonable. The usual drawing com- mands are then used without having to refer to window co-ordinates. PROCforegnd then directs output back to the normal screen.<\/p>\n

The selection window is constructed entirely from icons this method allows faster access than Wimp menus. Change 59 to 47 to drop the sound one octave.<\/p>\n

The data defining each chord is stored at he end of the program. For each form the root position is given first, then the three inversions, then the name for use in the menu.<\/p>\n

Our note keyboard is numbered from one to nine then A to N. Only chords in the key of C are stored’ other keys are derived by adding an offset, A more elegant approach would be to take the basic triad and alter or add to it, according to a formula.<\/p>\n

A whole range of altered chords could then be produced quite easily. Some notes have different names but sound the same, for instance C and Db Logic in PROCplav determines the appropriate name to print on the keys but it is not always grammatically accurate – another reason why the chord data would be better derived from a formula.<\/p>\n

No error checking is performed here. An unrecognised entry will default to a C or a major chord, depending on where the error is. Selection is made using the cursor keys, a lick indicating the selected item, return plays the chord and space steps through the sequence, Pressing to allows the sequence to be edited. Insert editing is provided, using cursor left; RrGHT, and delete.<\/p>\n

Press return when it is finished. As there are only three sound voices and many chords have four notes, notes are played one-at-a-ttme in arpeggio style. The program is in two parts.<\/p>\n

It uses the key of C as an exam- ple. The note that the chord is named after is known as the root of the chord. Moreover, in a root chord – shown on the right – this note is also the lowest note in the chord. Inversions are a re-arrangement using the same notes, but where the root is not the lowest note. To try out progres- sions, in other words a sequence of chords that lead naturally from one to another, the sequence option can be used.<\/p>\n

Chords built on F and G follow on from C pretty well. Numerous songs have been written with just C F and G, known as the three chord trick, and some rock groups, such as Status Quo, have built whole careers playing little else.<\/p>\n

The tricky bit is to find a sequence which progresses smoothly and at the same time harmonizes with a complex melody. Each chord form brings a different quality or feel to the music. A major chord has an air of finality: indeed, most tunes end on the major chord of the key.<\/p>\n

A chord like O, however – shown on the left – lends a feeling that there is more is to come and so this type of chord is often found in songs at the end of a phrase or sentence. Play C7 and hold on to it for several seconds. The ear feels uncomfortable. Something should happen. Now play F Major The ear is satisfied. The C7 chord has resolved on to the F Major.<\/p>\n

Sharpening the fifth that is, the fifth note up from the root of a major chord gives an augmented triad, which tends to resolve on to a chord with a root a fourth above it’s own, try C plus F. Any note of the augmented can be the root and this applies also to the diminished chord. Notice how it sounds unfinished. Would Gsus4 be better than the second G 1 The minor sharp- ened seventh m 7 for short is an example of an altered chord that definitely belongs in a mystery movie! Inversions, although containing the same notes, don’t always have precisely the same effect.<\/p>\n

C major in the 1st inversion doesn’t sound quite as final as the root position. Play C Major seventh Cm? Being adjacent, they sound discordant on their own, but in harmony with E and G, the sound is, well Dealer enquiries welcome.<\/p>\n

Available now. The usual method is to transform the data into a linear form and then to perform a linear regression. Unfor- tunately this gives unequal weightings to the data points, depending on the transforma- tion used.<\/p>\n

The xv data set is read into an array, and the calculated value of y is found for each value of x The observed y v a lue is s u btracted a nd the result squared. The squared values are summed for each. If the sum of squares has decreased, a is again reduced and the pro- cess repeated.<\/p>\n

Otherwise the direction of change in a is reversed and a is increased. This process is repeated until the sum of squares again increases. The direction of change is then reversed and the step size reduced to 1 per- cent. The iteration continues until the next overshoot’, the step size is reduced to 0. This process continues until the step size is 0.<\/p>\n

The data should be stored in a previously prepared data file – the required format of the data file is described later. Once the data file has been read, the program plots out the data points on automatically sealed axes and then presents a menu containing a set of curve options, plus an option to enter any other function of x in terms of a and b.<\/p>\n

The iteration then proceeds, is monitored by a counter and timer, and the display of the ratios of succes- sive sums of squares. The program then prints out the values of a and b and the function fitted, together with the residua] sum of squares about the tilted line and the root mean square. The curve of best fit is then drawn on the plot of the original data points. By using a Mode 36 screen, it is possible to show the curve parameters and the fitted line on the same screen, and print it out if required.<\/p>\n

Next, an anal- ysis of variance is produced, showing the total sum of squares for y, the sum of squares accounted for by the regression, and the residual sum of squares. The variance ratio, F, gives an estimate of the significance of the fitted line for the num- ber of degrees of freedom in the data. If the curve fitted was a straight line then the regres- sion coefficient r is printed.<\/p>\n

The main use of the pro- gram is to fit calibration curves to biochemical data and [hen to use these curves to cal- culate the concentrations of test samples. In setting up the calibration curve a set of sam- ples of known concentration are used, and appropriate instrumental readings taken for example, colour measure- ments, meter readings and radioactive counts.<\/p>\n

The concentrations are plotted on the x axis, and the observed readings on the y axis. Once the curve is estab- lished. A I though this would not be the method of choice for per- forming linear regressions. No cheeks have been made with other curve fitting procedures. As mentioned, data for the program should be stored in a file. This can be created using Edit. Blank lines and lines begin- ning with a semi-colon are ignored, so you can add in comments if you want as shown in our example file on the previous page.<\/p>\n

There are some datasets that will confuse the program, es- pecially if the function you are trying to fit is inappropriate, or the original guesses of a and h were a tong way out. For some functions of x, it will find false optima, where the sum of squares seems to be at a minimum. In these cases an obviously silly line may be plotted. In particular, re- entrant functions such as para- bolas or trigonometric func- tions sine or cosine etc seem to confuse it.<\/p>\n

Break well of Addlestone. As you may or may not know, there are two ways of drawing Bezier curves. The simplest is the parametric method as used by George Blanchard in Pieces of Eight. This is a nice, con- cise method that can be easily translated into Basic and involves a third variable, usually t.<\/p>\n

Values for both x and y are calculated from r. Another way of plotting Beziers is to use a recursive sub-division or ‘divide and conquer’ method. The advan- tage of this is that it can use integer arithmetic throughout.<\/p>\n

The only maths involved is a divide by two which can be performed with a simple right shift on the processor. The recursion works according to the following rules. Then calculate the mid points of ef and fg h and i.<\/p>\n

Finally calcu- late jf, the mid point of hi. This should, of course, be done recursively. To stop the recursion a ‘depth’ should be passed down the calls and once this reaches a predefined level, the straight line ad will be drawn instead of recur sing. Alternatively, and more effi- ciently. We’ve knocked up a demon- stration, entitled BezDento. Drawing a bezier curve using a recursive sub-division method. All points e-j are mid points. Each sub- division generates one more point j that is guaranteed to be on the curve.<\/p>\n

This does, of course, mean that it might not run as last – directly accessing the screen memory would be quicker – but it does remove the need for compli- cated bounds checking for the edge of the screen and graphics window. Also it makes this version indepen- dent of screen mode, David has included a short demonstration of Itis code in the listing, that merely plots random curves.<\/p>\n

From this demo, the way that you use the program should be fairly self- explanatory. Needless to say. Jan has provided four rou- tines. Incidentally, when you run the program, there is one example of a recursive flower, which you have to stop by pressing SPACE. Colour plotting made easy with the Toner!<\/p>\n

M J Ballinger of Cirencester has asked how to plot a point on the screen of an Archimedes using machine- code. However, it is much quicker to ‘poke’ points directly into the screen memory. This is why so many of our demos run in modes 13 or 15 and Point 32 uses a colour mode for precisely the same reason. That reason is that in mode 13, for example, each point on the screen is repre- sented by a single byte. You simply choose the colour you want from the available, work out which byte you want to poke and put that value there.<\/p>\n

Recommended by Hampshire LEA. Drives have a 2-year guarantee. Drives are 3. All drives are cached and have 2 year guarantees. Please add VAT at Plastic welcome. Telephone Fax Modem starling with the lop one con- sists of a block of consecutive bytes of memory as shown in the previous diagram.<\/p>\n

In mode 13 there are pixels across the screen, so the top row occupies bytes zero to of screen memory. The next row follows on directly from this, so it lakes up bytes to , The next uses to Unlike the BBC however, it is nol always obvious where the screen starts in memory.<\/p>\n

There is a call which allows you to find ihe address of the top left comer of the screen though column zero, row zero in figure one and this is OS. ReadVctu Variables. It takes two parameters – the first points to a list of numbers terminated with one.<\/p>\n

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Looking for: Windows 10 1703 download iso itarget laserjet Click here to Download                                                                                    …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[233],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-399993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-na"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/399993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=399993"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/399993\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=399993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=399993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carconfort.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=399993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}